Despite pressure from housing developments and groundwater depletion, habitat for six imperiled species a warbler, a bat, two salamanders and two plants still exists. Ecosystems include deserts, grasslands, and rainforests. In 4 seconds, you will be redirected to nwfactionfund.org, the site of the National Wildlife Action Fund, a 501(c)(4) organization. B) A large area of a forest will likely have higher biodiversity than a smaller area of the same forest. The first ecosystem has only three species of trees, and the second ecosystem has over 30 species of trees. Biodiversity can include everything from towering redwood trees to tiny, single-cellalgaethat are impossible to see without a microscope.Kinds of BiodiversityA common way to measure biodiversity is to count the total number of species living within a particular area.Tropicalregions, areas that are warm year-round, have the most biodiversity.Temperateregions, which have warm summers and cold winters, have less biodiversity. They are the places in the lower 48 United States most likely to have plants and animals at high risk of global extinction. Our future depends on it. Afforestation measures are discussed as a cost-effective nature-based solution for combatting desertification, adapting to and mitigating climate change impacts through increased carbon sequestration potential (Seddon, et al., 2020) and halting biodiversity loss, as well as improving livelihood opportunities of the local communities (Zhang, Sun, Huettmann, & Liu, 2022), (Di Sacco, et al., 2021), (Djoudi, Brockhaus, & Locatelli, 2013). 1. Annotated List of Wetlands of International Importance: Uzbekistan. The audio, illustrations, photos, and videos are credited beneath the media asset, except for promotional images, which generally link to another page that contains the media credit. This site is using cookies under cookie policy . o antigenic immune system To distinguish NbS from other conservation actions, IUCN specifies seven societal challenges, at least one of which needs to be addressed. Other than adding vocabulary, what developments occur in Another way to measure biodiversity is genetic diversity . Biodiversity allows for ecosystems to adjust to disturbances like fires and floods. Scientists have estimated that there are around 8.7 million species of plants and animals in existence. Planning and management of protected areas, their integrity with the landscape, animal migratory routes and areas of anthropogenic activities. Extinction is a natural part of life on Earth. Gland: IUCN Publications Unit, IUCN (2017) Drylands and land degradation. She or he will best know the preferred format. California has the most imperiled biodiversity of any state in the contiguous United States. For information on user permissions, please read our Terms of Service. Marine ecosystems are habitats like. These differences are what scientists use to tell one species from another. Scientists have discovered manychemicals in rainforest plants that are now used in helpfuldrugs. Wetlands in some arid areas depend on the river runoff and inflow, which is used for agricultural purposes and by decreasing the areas under some water-intensive crops (e.g., cotton and rice) (Schlter, et al., 2013), wetlands are likely to receive inflow to keep their state stable. A. Artemia, which is used as forage for aquatic species, is currently being harvested and represents business opportunities for the local population (Aladin, et al., 2018), (Arashkevich, Sapozhnikov, Soloviov, Kudyshkin, & Zavialov, 2009). Later, the IUCN and the European Commission reframed NbS with the IUCNs definition being most cited (Cohen-Shacham, et al., 2019), and formally acknowledged recently by the UN during the fifth session of the United Nations Environment Assembly by adopting a Resolution on nature-based solutions for supporting sustainable development (UNEP, 2022). Shrublands/afforested areas, to which the sandy seabed is planned to be converted to, are reported to maximize sand fixation and minimize erosion (Lw, et al., 2021), (Kim, et al., 2020). California has the most imperilled biodiversity of any state in the contiguous United States. The language used for the non-systematic literature review was English only (as the Russian language does not distinguish and define NbS specifically). The analysis found that the habitats of hundreds of imperiled species were entirely outside of the green areas above. Savvy crows thrive among us, despite us and because of us. It provides us with an array of foods and materials, and it contributes to the economy. Climate change and biodiversity loss arguably represent the most substantial challenges to ecosystem health and supply of nature's contributions to people (NCP) ().They also directly and indirectly affect human health and well-being and the functioning and sustainability of human societies at the global scale (2, 3).Increases in greenhouse gas emissions now exceed 55 billion tonnes of carbon . Between 1990 and 2005, the amount of forested land in Honduras, for instance, dropped 37 percent.As habitats shrink, fewer individuals can live there. Currently we have identified only 1.7 million species, so we have a long way to go before we can come close to figuring out exactly how many species are on Earth. The continent of Africa is home to tropical rainforests, alpine mountains, and dry deserts. Restoration of wetlands in the Aral Sea basin would not just have an economic value for the local population, but also environmental benefits (Girardin, et al., 2021), and would substantially contribute to achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals (Seifollahi-Aghmiuni, Nockrach, & Kalantari, 2019). Species that are now abundant arent going to be if we dont protect some of these other habitats, said Brian ODonnell, the director of Campaign for Nature, a coalition of conservation groups. The Standard stipulates that for an approach to be considered as NbS it is imperative for it to provide simultaneous benefits to biodiversity and human well-being (IUCN, 2020). Pretend you're taking a look at the species biodiversity within a local pond. Greater biodiversity in ecosystems, species, and individuals leads to greater stability. Afforestation, as recently seen as a major viable solution to rehabilitate the ecosystems of the dried-out Aral Seabed, has a number of benefits and yet challenges that need to be balanced out before any decision is made on increasing investments in plantations. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Agroforestry can significantly contribute to enhancing food security in where there is water scarcity and climate change impact in drylands, diversifying income opportunities, restoring biodiversity, enhancing carbon sequestration and reducing pressure on natural forests where they occur (Di Sacco, et al., 2021), (Aleksandrova, Lamers, Martius, & Tischbein, 2014), (Lamers, Bobojonov, Khamzina, & Franz, 2008). Pollution. Nationwide, the Interior Department is seeking public input until March 7 on questions such as what should count as conserved land and waters under President Bidens 30 percent commitment. Cattle then produce manure that returns nutrients to the soil, which helps to grow more grass. A water ecosystem with high niche diversity and warm water temperatures will likely have a high biodiversity. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-10081-2013, Fernandes JP, Guiomar N (2018) Nature-based solutions: The need to increase the knowledge on their potentialities and limits. In addition, plants used for afforestation in the northern Aralkum in Kazakhstan were documented to have improved soil quality by reducing the soil salinity level and enhancing soil enzyme activities, however, monitoring might be needed for at least two decades to detect trends (An, Chang, Han, Khamzina, & Son, 2020). Biodiversity is extremely important to people and the health of ecosystems. Areas with high numbers of endemic species are called biodiversity hotspots. (Toderich, et al., 2013a) suggest that the best way to rehabilitate saline soils in desert rangelands is to plant salt-resistant wild halophytes, which represent a low-cost solution. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-023-01822-z, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-023-01822-z. Turkish J Zool 38:590597. Springer Netherlands. Also, NbS are considered amongst those tools with the greatest potential to reach the UN Sustainable Development Goals (Dubey, Singh, Chaurasia, Pandey, & Singh, 2021), (Gmez Martn, Giordano, Pagano, van der Keur, & Mez Costa, 2020), which Uzbekistan has committed to achieving by 2030 (The State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Statistics, 2022). Theres the tiny patch-nosed salamander in northern Georgia and across the border in South Carolina. Which part of the immune system immediately responds to infection or injury? list the steps that are followed if a suspect's blood is found at a crime scene. There were a few publications that mentioned the Aral Sea basin and Central Asia in the literature without country-specific information or a case study. Part of Springer Nature. Based on the focussed case study literature review we conducted, we now focus on discussing four of the above-mentioned major nature-based solutions, which are relevant to the Uzbek part of the Aral Sea region. However, it is notable that agroforestry in croplands has been erroneously proposed as an afforestation measure in some papers reviewed. Aral Sea surface area change from 1964 through 2018. The application of nature-based solutions, such as the large-scale afforestation of the Aral Seabed, potentially creates alternative income sources for the local population. Sarah Appleton, National Geographic Society. Wetlands were included as a search term to ensure we captured those that are nested into larger dryland landscapes, including the following inland water bodies: lakes, ponds, and ephemeral wetlands. J Arid Land 11:114. http://nsdg.stat.uz/en, Thorslund J, Jarsjo J, Jaramillo F, Jawitz JW, Manzoni S, Basu NB, Destouni G (2017) Wetlands as large-scale nature-based solutions: Status and challenges for research, engineering and management. National Geographic Society is a 501 (c)(3) organization. An exosystem is the system of ecological interaction of different environments and can be on land and in water. Scientists have studied only a small percentage of rainforest species in their search for cures. Wetlands in the Aral Sea basin are reported to be unstable in terms of their hydrological regimes and are highly dependent on the water inflow, which in turn defines their salinity levels and ability to support native biodiversity (Schlter, et al., 2013). The most common cases of ecosystem-based approaches (Cohen-Shacham, et al., 2019), an alternative to NbS suggested widely in the literature reviewed, appeared to be afforestation, agroforestry and wetland restoration with the prevailing number of studies originating from China (Fig. For Ecol Manag 483:118906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118906, The Ramsar Convention Seceretariat. You have not even scratched the surface of the biodiversity within the pond. Aquat Conserv: Mar Freshw Ecosyst 9:517522. The draft of the manuscript was written by SA, and JWB, a co-author, commented on previous versions of the manuscript. The term nature-based solutions (NbS) reportedly emerged in the late 2000s in connection with the CBDs ecosystem approach method (Cohen-Shacham, et al., 2019), (Agol, Reid, Crick, & Wendo, 2021). Available at: https://www.protectedplanet.net/555703557. Photo credit: NASA Earth Observatory, Google Earth. In fact, new ecosystems were created twice in the place of once fourth largest inland water body on the planet: a desert (Aralkum) was formed initially, which is now being replaced by afforested areas. Sci Total Environ 784. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147058, Lamers JP, Bobojonov I, Khamzina A, Franz JS (2008) Financial analysis of small-scale forests in the amu darya lowlands of rural uzbekistan. Hence option B is correct. Failure among afforestation efforts was more frequent compared to reforestation due to the fact that trees did not naturally occur in areas where they were planted. They include everything from cleaning water and absorbing chemicals, which wetlands do, to providing oxygen for us to breatheone of the many things that plants do for people. Animals and plants are the most familiar types of endangered species, but afungus, such as thewhite ferula mushroom(Pleurotus nebrodensis) can also be threatened. Think youre done? Deforestation is a major threat . The authors declare no competing interests. Oryx 45:461462. These are: marine (or saltwater), freshwater and those that are both. The Texas Hill Country region southwest of Austin, growing fast and with little protected land, is one example. One of the greatest threats to biodiversity is habitat loss. For example, species with high genetic diversity and many populations that are adapted to a wide variety of conditions are more likely to be able to weather disturbances, disease, and climate change. Some of these genes are the same for all individuals within a speciestheyre what make a daisy a daisy and a dog a dog. The Rights Holder for media is the person or group credited. If no button appears, you cannot download or save the media. Many species provide important benefits to humans, including food, clothing, and medicine. This single pixel includes six species, such as the tricolored bat, Golden-cheeked warbler and Jollyville Plateau salamander. (Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Additional measures for the creation of forests in the regions and of the green cover in the Aral Sea region, 2020b), (Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan on the establishment of South Ustyurt National Park (in Uzbek language), 2020a), (Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan on additional measures related to the organization of protected areas on forestlands, 2022), My Garden in the Aral Sea International innovation Centre for Aral Sea basin under the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan (iic-aralsea.org), FAO classification of soil types (Schad, 2014), Abdalla K, Mutema M, Chivenge P, Everson C, Chaplot V (2022) Grassland rehabilitation significantly increases soil carbon stocks by reducing net soil CO2 emissions. Slider with three articles shown per slide. Number of studies covering NbS application in global drylands with selected examples. Officials there have pledged to bring an additional 6 million acres under conservation, with goals that include protecting species and storing planet-warming carbon. 2006, Hooper et al. UNEP (2022) Draft resolution on nature-based solutions forsupporting sustainable development. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15310, Cohen-Shacham E, Andrade A, Dalton J, Dudley N, Jones M, Kumar C, Walters G (2019) Core principles for successfully implementing and upscaling Nature-based Solutions. The creatures that survive have fewer breeding partners, so genetic diversity declines.Pollution,overfishing, andoverhunting have also caused a drop in biodiversity. Without a diversity of pollinators, plants, and soils, our supermarkets would have a lot less produce. However, large-scale afforestation in deserts/arid areas without proper planning can lead to massive economic losses and to very low plant survival rates, as some cases around the world (Zhang, Sun, Huettmann, & Liu, 2022) demonstrate. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in J Clean Product 298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126680, Dubovyk O, Menz G, Khamzina A (2016) Land Suitability Assessment for Afforestation with Elaeagnus Angustifolia L. in Degraded Agricultural Areas of the Lower Amudarya River Basin. Yao Y, Fu B, Liu Y, Wang Y, Song S (2021) The contribution of ecosystem restoration to sustainable development goals in Asian drylands: A literature review. The Gale Group, Farmington Hills, MI: 1999. Philos Trans R Soc B: Biol Sci 375:20190120. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0120. - 208.89.96.71. Regional Environ Change 13:493508. Alongside multiple obvious benefits of NbS, the literature states also a number of challenges associated with their understanding, implementation, effectiveness, stakeholder participation (Nelson, Bledsoe, Ferreira, & Nibbelink, 2020), lack of standards for their evaluation (Kumar, et al., 2021), (Fernandes & Guiomar, 2018). J Oceanol Limnol 36:20612084. Australia's biodiversity is in steep decline, posing major risks to human health. Fungi helpdecomposeorganisms tofertilizethe soil. First Aral sea basin program (ASBP-1). Medicines that treat some forms ofcancerhave been made from therosy periwinkle, a flower that grows on the African island of Madagascar. https://www.iucn.org/sites/dev/files/drylands_and_land_degradation_issues_brief_0.pdf, IUCN (2020) Guidance for using the IUCN Global Standard for Nature-based Solutions: first editions. Let your eyes wander to the areas of this map that deepen into red. Map source: NatureServe Image sources: Golden-cheeked warbler via U.S. It has more land under biodiversity protection than any other of the lower 48 states, but its also home to high concentrations of imperiled species that live outside of those areas. Annotated List of Wetlands of International Importance: Uzbekistan, 2022), however, there are none located in Karakalpakstan. Retrieved from https://knowledge.unccd.int/sites/default/files/ldn_targets/2019-04/Uzbekistan LDN TSP Country Report_0.pdf, Sweeney OF, Turnbull J, Jones M, Letnic M, Newsome TM, Sharp A (2019) An Australian perspective on rewilding. The ecosystem is thus a biodiversity hotspot and as per the table, the ecosystem X gets more of the high temperature and has s size square of 100 miles. FAO Forestry Paper No. o innate immune system They have been seen as a sustainable tool for the provision of benefits both for the environment and for society, which synergizes conservation efforts. By Catrin Einhorn and Nadja PopovichMarch 3, 2022. Curr Opin Environ Sustain 45:4955. https://rsis.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/rsiswp_search/exports/Ramsar-Sites-annotated-summary-Uzbekistan.pdf?1647505458, The State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Statistics. Bees and other insects carrypollenfrom one plant to another, which enables the plants to reproduce. If no button appears, you cannot download or save the media. Regions with cold or dry conditions, such as mountaintops anddeserts, have even less.Generally, the closer a region is to theEquator, the greater the biodiversity. Additionally, a warm water temperature promote most species to reproduce, which also has a positive impact in biodiversity. Invertebrates are animals without backbones, including insects, crustaceans, sponges, scorpions, and many other kinds of organisms. This genetic variation is why some dogs are poodles and some are pit bulls. versus benefits (e.g., fisheries development, biodiversity restoration, income opportunities and etc.). The plants need healthy soil to grow. The forest ecosystem survived because other kinds of trees also grew there.Biodiversity is important to people in many ways. California committed to 30x30 even before the federal government did. As part of the Aichi Biodiversity Target 11, to which Uzbekistan has committed (CBD-UNDP, 2021), protected areas highly contribute to achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Discover Life in America: All Taxa Biodiversity Inventory Database. Central Asia, which contains extensive dryland ecosystems, is among the regions most heavily impacted by the global climate change, and the trends are projected to accelerate in the coming decades (Lioubimtseva & Henebry, 2009), (Yushanjiang, Zhang, & Leong Tan, 2021), (Schlter, et al., 2013), (Yang, et al., 2019) putting even more pressure on precious natural resources and already fragile ecosystems. Nature-based AND solutions AND terrestrial, Nature-based solutions AND protected area, Nature-based AND solutions AND Central Asia. Sci Total Environ 794. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148515, Huang J, Yu H, Dai A, Wei Y, Kang L (2017) Drylands face potential threat under global warming target. Plants People Planet 2:587597. Ecological biodiversity is the diversity of ecosystems, natural communities, and habitats. When people introduce species from one part of the world to another, they often have no naturalpredators. projecting the likely impacts on biodiversity and nature's . Sources Summary: Amazonia represents the quintessence of biodiversity - the richest ecosystem on earth. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-011-0262-5, Dubey PK, Singh A, Chaurasia R, Pandey KK, Singh S (2021) Fostering Nature-Based Solutions for Ecorestoration and Attain- ing United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. It enjoys a high level of biodiversity. Last year, officials announced that eight species had gone extinct. Not included are gray wolves, grizzly bears and other wildlife not at risk of global extinction. https://doi.org/10.3906/zoo-1311-40, Khamzina A, Lamers JP, Worbes M, Botman E, Vlek PL (2006) Assessing the potential of trees for afforestation of degraded landscapes in the Aral Sea Basin of Uzbekistan. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Core criteria of NbS. Biodiversity includes the full range of species that live in an area. Given the multitude of environmental challenges the Aral Sea region countries are facing, sustainable and cost-efficient approaches are needed to secure the well-being of the local population and environmental resilience. Tech. A Certified Wildlife Habitat provides food, shelter, water, and a place for native wildlife to raise youngthe essential elements of habitat that wildlife need to survive. The research, published in the journal Ecological Applications, and the related maps were a partnership between NatureServe and its network of state partners, the geographic mapping platform Esri, and the Nature Conservancy. You can specify conditions of storing and accessing cookies in your browser. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139177788.021, Carroll C, Ray JC (2021) Maximizing the effectiveness of national commitments to protected area expansion for conserving biodiversity and ecosystem carbon under climate change. The Biden administration has set a goal to conserve and restore 30 percent of U.S. lands and waters by 2030. Arid Land Res Manag 28:410427. Sustainability and cost-effectiveness of wetlands restoration in the Aral Sea region of Uzbekistan. Correspondence to Philosop Transac R SOC B-Biol Sci 375. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0121, Schachtsiek T, Lamers JP, Khamzina A (2014) Early Survival and Growth of Six Afforestation Species on Abandoned Cropping Sites in Irrigated Drylands of the Aral Sea Basin. Local, national, andinternational organizations are cooperating to preserve the biodiversity of regions threatened by development or natural disasters.UNESCOsWorld Heritage Siteprogram recognizes areas of global importance, such as the enormous wetland region of thePantanalin South America. Check all that apply. Land Degrad Dev 31:27492762. Arid Land Res Manag 33:3754. Tech. The chart shows information about four ecosystems. 1 for the world map of drylands). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5684-7_38. The results from both publication databases were downloaded in a BibTex format, sorted into eighteen subject-specific databases corresponding to keywords used in JabRef reference manager software, then merged to cross-check for duplicates, and further content analysis was carried out. As reported by Li et al. The relative cost-efficiency of NbS (Bonn, Allott, Evans, Joosten, & Stoneman, 2016), (Girardin, et al., 2021) has led to their increased popularity recently.NbS offer quite a range of benefits (Seddon, et al., 2020), (Girardin, et al., 2021), including biodiversity conservation, ecosystem restoration, climate change mitigation and adaptation.As drylands around the world are projected to . The final list was formed based on the recently formalized definition of nature-based solutions by the IUCN neglecting small-scale interventions, which in some cases the authors considered to represent NbS. Most people recognize biodiversity by speciesa group of individual living organisms that can interbreed. As drylands around the world are projected to become more vulnerable under increasing temperature changes, and Central Asia is expected to be a climate change hotspot in the coming years with increased average temperature and decreased precipitation (Li, Ma, & Zhang, 2020), there is an acute need to mitigate and to adapt to the consequences of climate change by applying sustainable and resilient solutions for which NbS qualify.
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