family dysfunction schizophrenia tutor2u

For example parents who say they care whilst appearing critical or who express love whilst appearing angry. [4 marks]. Family therapy is based on the theory that schizophrenia is associated with schizophrenogenic mothers, double bind communication, expressed emotion, or other dysfunction in the family. System overlap refers to the way that disorders have shared symptoms. For example, an excess of dopamine receptors in Brocas area might be responsible for poverty of speech and auditory hallucinations. Evaluation of family therapy as a treatment for schizophrenia - Stuvia Research by Miyakawa et al. The fact that the concordance rates are not 100% means that schizophrenia cannot wholly be explained by genes and it could be that the individual has a pre-disposition to schizophrenia and simply makes the individual more at risk of developing the disorder. Atypical antipsychotics such as Clozapine bind to dopamine, serotonin and glutamate receptors. Schizophrenia: Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia | Psychology - tutor2u Patients can receive different treatments for their SZ which will be more effective. culture and gender bias and symptom overlap. Another problem is the theory led's to parent blaming. Many people who experience feelings of persecution have a general tendency to assume that other people cause the things that go wrong with their lives. Information transfer teaching the patient and the family the actual facts about the illness, its causes, the influence of drug abuse, and the effect of stress and guilt. Due to the pivotal role of dopamine in schizophrenia this led to a culture of heavy smoking an nicotine addiction in psychiatric hospitals of the era. delusions. Noll (2009) also argues around one third of patients do not respond to drugs which block dopamine so other neurotransmitters may be involved. Schizophrenia Revisions Notes - Simply Psychology The researchers used an inferential statistical test to see if there was a significant difference in language rating between the two groups. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! (2003) meta analysis found family interventions help the patient to understand their illness and to live with it, developing emotional strength and coping skills, thus reducing rates of relapse. So the stressors of modern living could cause increased schizophrenia in future generations. Medication can be taken as pills, syrups or injections, and may be taken over a short or long-term. Usually the person has convinced him/herself that he/she is someone powerful or important, such as Jesus Christ, the Queen (e.g. with reference to co-morbidity, where normal functions are limited: including speech poverty and avolition. disputing techniques. Christopher Frith (1979) argues schizophrenia is the result of a faulty attention system. Bentalls meta-analysis (2012) shows that stress arising from abuse in childhood increases the risk of developing schizophrenia. A co-operative, trusting relationship with the family is established, Therapist provides information about schizophrenia, Family members contribute, all contributions valued, Family is provided with practical coping skills to help deal with the disorder (to anticipate and solve problems), More constructive ways of interaction and communication encouraged (to avoid expressed emotion), Training to detect any signs of relapse in the patient. All patients are in danger of relapsing but without medication the relapses are more common and more severe which suggests the drugs are effective. Positive symptoms are an excess or distortion of normal functions, for example hallucinations, delusions and thought disturbances such as thought insertion. CSE aims to teach individuals to develop and apply effective coping strategies which will reduce the frequency, intensity and duration of psychotic symptoms and alleviate the accompanying distress. Small doses given to people already suffering from schizophrenia tend to worsen their symptoms. It is one of the chemicals in the brain which causes neurons to fire. Genetic Explanations of Offending Behaviour | Psychology | tutor2u When the families were rated as healthy, the likelihood of developing schizophrenia for those with a biological mother with schizophrenia fell to below 1%. The descriptions follow the same criteria; however you have to use the issues and debates effectively in your answers. tutor2u is the leading support service for A-Level, GCSE, BTEC and IB students and teachers preparing for assessments, mocks and final exams. A nationwide Finnish sample of schizophrenics' offspring given up for adoption was compared blindly with matched controls, who were adopted offspring of non-schizophrenic biological parents. Medications reduce positive symptoms particularly hallucinations and delusions; and usually allow the patient to function more effectively and appropriately. Support for family research, Tienari et al (1994) adoption study found . Addington and Addington (2005) claim that CBT is of little use in the early stages of an acute schizophrenic episode, but perhaps more useful when the patient is more calm and beginning to worry about how life will be after they recover. This suggests that the research therefore does not protect individuals from harm. Last chance to attend a Grade Booster cinema workshop before the exams. Copyright Get Revising 2023 all rights reserved. Chronic environmental stress, for example having a schizophrenogenic mother, results in the onset of schizophrenia. This is evidence that the higher the degree of genetic relativeness, the higher the risk of getting schizophrenia. Metaanalysis by Crossley Et Al (2010) suggested that Atypical antipsychotics are no more effective, but do have less side effects. Families can help minimize the damage to self of the schizophrenic that this entails. Evidence to support the genetic explanation comes from Gottesman and Shields, who found a concordance rate of 42% for MZ and 9% for DZ. 1. a group of people related by blood or marriage or a strong common bond, such as those descended from a common ancestor, or a husband, wife, and their children. The biological basis for schizophrenia is therefore not addressed at all in the therapy, limiting its use. A final weakness of the genetic explanation of schizophrenia is that it is biologically reductionist. First, cognitive deficits which are impairments in thought processes such as perception, memory and attention. The modern understanding of diathesis-stress is slightly different. Schizophrenia 16-marker Plans (AQA A Level Psychology) Description AQA A Level Schizophrenia: 16-marker plans for the explanations and treatments of schizophrenia aqa a level psychology schizophrenia a2 psychology aqa a level psychology- 16-mark question plans as level Note by Grace Fawcitt, updated more than 1 year ago 2915 8 0 Resource summary Help the patient realise it is normal to have negative thoughts in certain situations. Patients went from performing 5 chores a day to around 40. Is it the cognitive deficits which causes the schizophrenic behavior or is the schizophrenia that causes the cognitive deficits? Pharoah identified examples of how family therapy works: It helps family members achieve a balance between caring for the individual and maintaining their own lives, it reduces anger and guilt, it improves their ability to anticipate and solve problems and forms a therapeutic alliance. One weakness of the cognitive explanation is that there are problems with cause and effect. This can lead to problems with reliability of diagnosis as one doctor might diagnose the person as having schizophrenia while another might diagnose bipolar disorder. This makes it more difficult to confidently diagnose schizophrenia. Evidence to support this view comes from the prospective adoption study by Tienari et al. They act as dopamine antagonists, attempting to reduce dopamine activity. Adoption studies have helped clarify both of these problems. Family, twin and adoption studies must be considered cautiously because they are retrospective, and diagnosis may be biased by knowledge that other family members who may have been diagnosed. Work out ways to recognise negative thoughts and test faulty beliefs when they arise, and then challenge and re-think them. Cognitive approaches do not explain the causes of cognitive deficits where they come from in the first place. She has been taking a typical antipsychotic drug and there have been improvements in her positive symptoms. Some sufferers only take a course of antipsychotics once, while others have to take a regular dose in order to prevent symptoms from reappearing. 3x sold. They assumed the bogus patients were schizophrenic with no real evidence. The harmful effects on the child may go completely unacknowledged or be minimized. Comorbidity is when the same person has two or more disorders at the same time. The focus of a token economy is on shaping and positively reinforcing desired behaviors and NOT on punishing undesirable behaviors. It is more likely Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! VAT reg no 816865400. If diagnosis leads to successful treatment, the diagnosis can be seen as valid. There is a lack of understanding and explanation of how the diathesis-stress model works- it is known that both have to be present to lead to schizophrenia, but not how the mechanisms of schizophrenia symptoms develop. Effectively means that it needs to be clearly linked and explained in the context of the answer. Example Answers for Schizophrenia: A Level Psychology, Paper 3, June 2019 (AQA) Exam Support. Schizophrenia Interactionist Approach Interactionist Approach Interactionist Approach Addiction Addiction Treatment Theories Aversion Therapy Behavioural Interventions Drug Therapy Gambling Addiction Nicotine Addiction Physical and Psychological Dependence Reducing Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction Six Stage Model of Behaviour Change The reason for this is because the research is carried out in highly controlled environments, which specialist, high tech equipment such as MRI and PET scans. (2003) studied DNA from human families affected by schizophrenia and found that those with the disease were more likely to have a defective version of a gene, called PPP3CC which is associated with the production of calcineurin which regulates the immune system. b) identifying source of bias - EITHER people volunteer so their behaviour might be atypical/unrepresentative OR they all attend self-help group so their behaviour may be atypical/unrepresentative eg volunteers may be better communicators, more verbal This means that the brains of schizophrenics are lighter than normal. The original version suggested it was due to high levels or activity of dopamine in the subcortex (hyperdopaminergia). They arrest dopamine production by blocking the D2 receptors in synapses that absorb dopamine, in the mesolimbic pathway thus reducing positive symptoms, such as auditory hallucinations. The adoptive families were investigated thoroughly using joint and individual interviews and psychological tests. Validity the extent to which schizophrenia is a unique syndrome with characteristics, signs and symptoms. Gender bias is also an issue as the mother tends to be blamed the most, which means such research is highly socially sensitive. Psychological therapies are very rarely used alone, but sometimes patients may just take drugs without any other therapy. Copyright Get Revising 2023 all rights reserved. To stabilize the social authority of the doctor and the family. 214 High Street, Family Dysfunction refers to any forms of abnormal processes within a family such as conflict, communication problems, cold parenting, criticism, control and high levels of expressed emotions. [2 marks] A strength of the cognitive explanation is that it has practical applications. In a token economy, tokens are given to reward people in psychiatric institutions for performing socially desirable behaviours, the aim being to encourage self-care. However, evidence may not be reliable as patients recall may be affected by their schizophrenia. Ethics do the benefits of classification (care, treatment, safety) outweigh the costs (possible misdiagnosis, mistreatment, loss of rights and responsibility, prejudice due to labelling). A study by Anderson et al. double-bind, high expressed emotion - . Schizophrenogenic Mother | SpringerLink this should enable a less biased/more varied/more representative sample OR this would allow the results to be generalised more widely, Wars of the Roses 6 - Henry VII 1485-1509. Comorbidity occurs because the symptoms of different disorders overlap. Support for family research, Tienari et al (1994) adoption study found those adopted children who had schizophrenic parents were more likely to become ill themselves than those children with non-biological parents. Classification is the process of organising symptoms into categories based on which symptoms cluster together in sufferers. In order to explain schizophrenia effectively it would be better to take an interactionist approach, such as the diathesis stress model. ', In a study of communication, researchers used a language rating scale to compare two groups of participants. therefore, it is not appropriate to generalise their language ability to all people with schizophrenia (must be some application here) Family therapy for families of adolescents or young adults who have developed schizophrenia tends currently to emphasize psychoeducation (guidance about schizophrenia and its treatment) and aims at enhancing recovery rather than the discovery of pathogenic patterns of child-rearing (McFarlane 2016 ). Culture One of the biggest controversies in relation to classification and diagnosis is to do with cultural relativism and variations in diagnosis. At least 73% of his sample reported that these strategies were successful in managing their symptoms. Neural correlates are patterns of structure or activity in the brain that occur in conjunction with schizophrenia. It is difficult to keep this treatment going once the patients are back at home in the community. The family dysfunction explanation is an explanation that sees maladaptive relationships and patterns of communication as a source of stress which influences the development of schizophrenia This suggests that one needs to be careful when establishing cause and effect relationships in schizophrenic patients. West Yorkshire, MZ twins share 100% of their genes, compared to DZ twins who only share 50% of their genes, so this suggests that genes must have some influence on the development of schizophrenia. An example is Clozapine which is used when other drugs have failed, due to the risk of agranulocytosis (a potentially fatal blood condition). The reason for this is because if the individual does have excessive amounts of dopamine then does it really mean that thy ey will develop schizophrenia? There is other evidence to support difficult family relationships in childhood are associated with increased risk of schizophrenia in adulthood. So environment does play a part in triggering the illness. Research evidence from autopsies has shown that schizophrenia sufferers have more dopamine receptors, which may lead to more neural firing and therefore an over production of messages. This suggests that the dopamine hypothesis does not account for freewill. Get Revising is one of the trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd. Register Number: 04666380 (England and Wales), VAT No. Schizophrenia is a multi-factorial trait as it is the result of multiple genes and environmental factors. Newer drugs, called atypical antipsychotics attempt to target D2 dopamine activity in the limbic system but not D3 receptors in other parts of the brain. This manages schizophrenia because it maintains desirable behavior and no longer reinforces undesirable behavior. Toyokawa, Et. 2. These machines take accurate readings of brain regions such as the frontal and pre-frontal cortex, the basil ganglia, the hippocampus and the amygdale. For example, Ripke et al. This creates problems of reliability. This limits the usefulness of token economies in treating schizophrenia. Scheff (1966) points out that diagnosis classification labels the individual, and this can have many adverse effects, such as a self-fulfilling prophecy (patients may begin to act how they are expected to act), and lower self-esteem. However, group Bs scores suggest a positively skewed distribution as the mean (26) is higher than both the median (22.5) and the mode (16). Preliminary analysis: Through interviews and observation the therapist identifies strengths and weaknesses of family members and identifies problem behaviors. 214 High Street, Chronic schizophrenics achieved 3lbs of weight loss a week. There have also been ethical concerns as such a process is seen to be dehumanising, subjecting the patient to a regime which takes away their right to make choices. Found that changes in behavior achieved through token economies do not remain when tokens are withdrawn, suggesting that such treatments address effects of schizophrenia rather than causes. (2002) developed a machine that produced virtual hallucinations, such as hearing the television telling you to kill yourself or one persons face morphing into anothers. CBT is rarely used without drug therapy, suggesting it is not enough on its own to treat schizophrenia. Of these, only 1 study showed improvement in symptoms and behavioural change in patients. The intention is to show schizophrenics that their hallucinations are not real. EE is a family communication style that involves criticism, hostility and emotional over-involvement. The entire evaluation of Schizophrenia (AQA A-level Psychology) 33.39 5.49. When desired behavior is displayed eg. The NICE review of family therapy studies demonstrated that it was associated with significant cost savings when offered to patients alongside the standard care Relapse rates are also lower which suggests the savings could be even higher. However, biological factors must have had a role to play as none of the adoptees with no family history of schizophrenia from disturbed families developed schizophrenia, Boston House, For example, some patients on typical antipsychotics develop tardive dyskinesia- a condition where there are uncontrollable facial tics. Read the model answers to get a clearer idea of what is needed. Visual - Evaluation of the dopamine hypothesis for schizophrenia 3. To educate relatives about schizophrenia. Evidence suggests that the closer the biological relationship, the greater the risk of developing schizophrenia. Biological explanations for schizophrenia can be criticised for being biologically reductionist. Evaluation of the family dysfunction explanation for schizophrenia - Stuvia There are two types of twins identical (monozygotic) and fraternal (dizygotic). Tarrier (1987) used detailed interview techniques, and found that people with schizophrenia can often identify triggers to the onset of their psychotic symptoms, and then develop their own methods of coping with the distress caused. There are two components: 1. We are committed to engaging with you and taking action based on your suggestions, complaints, and other feedback. If the distress caused to the child is severe and long-lasting, he/she may . Family Therapy aims to reduce levels of expressed emotion, and reduced the likelihood of relapse. One weakness of the genetic explanation of schizophrenia is that there are methodological problems. The patients with the most severe symptoms are unable to access the tokens, as they are unable to perform the desirable behaviours. They believed that schizophrenia was a result of social pressures from life. This suggests that the research into gene mapping is oversimplistic as schizophrenia is not due to a single gene. Visual - Evaluation of the icd and dsm as tools to diagnose schizophrenia. Is the raised dopamine levels the cause of the schizophrenia, or is it the raised dopamine level the result of schizophrenia? Although this study showed that children with a biological parent were still at greater risk even if they had been adopted into families with no history of schizophrenia, all reported cases of schizophrenia occurred in families rated as disturbed. A weakness of the family relationsships appraoch is that there is a problem of cause and effect. The original dopamine hypothesis stated that schizophrenia suffered from an excessive amount of dopamine. Symptom targeting: a specific symptom is selected for which a particular coping strategy can be devised

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