Set individual study goals and earn points reaching them. It became a popular subject following World War II and during the peak years of the Cold War. Authoritarian leaders exercise power arbitrarily and without regard to existing laws or constitutional limitations, and typically cannot be replaced by citizens through freely conducted elections. Total obedience to authority is required and enforced through physical intimidation and the threat of imprisonment. All resources are directed toward its attainment, regardless of the cost. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/totalitarianism-authoritarianism-fascism-4147699. Under totalitarian rule, traditional social institutions and organizations are discouraged and suppressed. While totalitarian states typically demand a practically religious loyalty to a single highly developed ideology, most authoritarian states do not. Totalitarianism is a form of government that prohibits opposing political parties and ideologies, while controlling all aspects of the public and private lives of the people. However, a nations own description of its form of government can often be less than objective. True or False: All fascist governments are totalitarian, but not all totalitarian governments are fascist. Totalitarianism is a type of government and a political system that forbids all opposition parties, criminalizes individual and group opposition to the state and its claims, and imposes an extreme, if not total, degree of control and regulation over public and private life. Definition and Examples, What Is Communism? Boards of education are an exception to the Fourteenth Amendment. Lerne mit deinen Freunden und bleibe auf dem richtigen Kurs mit deinen persnlichen Lernstatistiken. Totalitarianism is often distinguished from dictatorship, despotism, or tyranny by its supplanting of all political institutions with new ones and its sweeping away of all legal, social, and political traditions. In addition, fascists view democracy and the electoral process as an obsolete and unnecessary obstacle to maintaining constant military readiness. From 1955 to 1957, Maos Anti-Rightist Campaign resulted in the persecution of as many as 550,000 intellectuals and political dissidents. 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It is a form of government in which all aspects of society are controlled by the government. What factors led to a rise of fascism and totalitarianism in Europe? Here we will examine the political and philosophical perspectives of totalitarianism, as well as its level of prevalence in the modern world. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. Both representations illustrate the different ways totalitarian leaders can showcase their authority. As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 88,000 lessons in math, It does not permit individual freedom. His black shirts (paired with gray flannel trousers) took a page from Mussolini's playbook, and his macho style, mustache, and military salute were inspired by none other than Hitler. A common characteristic of propaganda is that it makes predictions about the future in order to avoid argument or reason, since the only possible proof of its . Historical examples of such centralized totalitarian rule include the Mauryan dynasty of India (c. 321c. Much of the territories across the Adriatic Sea that Italy expected to take from Austro-Hungary after the war were given to the newly created kingdom known as Yugoslavia. It may be all, some, or none: A totalitarian regime has a highly centralized system of government that requires strict obedience. According to Russian history expert and author Richard Pipes, Fascist Italian Prime Minister Benito Mussolini once summarized the basis of totalitarianism as, Everything within the state, nothing outside the state, nothing against the state.. | Authoritarianism vs. Totalitarianism, Totalitarianism in 1984 by George Orwell | Overview, Quotes & Examples. In 1966, Chairman Mao declared the Chinese Cultural Revolution, 10 years of class warfare marked by the destruction of countless cultural artifacts and the rise of Maos adoring cult of personality. Despite his nearly God-like popularity, Maos Cultural Revolution resulted in the deaths of thousands to millions of people. Definition and Examples. For this quiz, you'll need to know the definition of a totalitarian government and what a totalitarian government has control of. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The same constitution contradictorily defines North Korea as a dictatorship of peoples democracy. Politically, the constitutionally recognized Workers Party of Korea enjoys legal supremacy over any other political parties. However, it differs from totalitarianism in that authoritarian governments typically lack a guiding national ideology or goal and tolerate some diversity in social organization. Italian fascist dictator Benito Mussolini coined the term totalitarianism. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Fascists seek to instill a superiority complex and feelings of fear among the citizens against perceived enemies of the race or the nation. To some, the peace treaty humiliated the Italian state and a blemish on their national pride. In reality, Stalin ran a country in which he held total, oppressive control. Theoretically unburdened by the independent thought and effort required to succeed under a capitalistic system, individual citizens are free to concentrate solely on furthering the regimes ideological goals. Illustration of totalitarianisms control of the press. An error occurred trying to load this video. Despite the many differences among totalitarian states, they have several characteristics in common, of which the two most important are: the existence of an ideology that addresses all aspects of life and outlines means to attain the final goal, and a single mass party through which the people are mobilized to muster energy and support. 1137 Words5 Pages. Totalitarianism is a government that may be ascribed to many different regimes. Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler in Munich, Germany September 1937. The National Fascist Party of Italy (PNF - Partito Nazionale Fascista in Italian) was officially formed in 1921, and many fascists favored forcibly taking power from the government. In both, those in authority have a monopoly on the use of the nation's military power and on certain forms of mass communication; and the suppression of dissent, especially during times of crisis, often occurs in democracies as well. Even when compared to extreme nationalistic ideologies, fascism is typically considered to be at the far-right end of the political spectrum. It is characterized by strong central rule that attempts to control and direct all aspects of individual life through coercion and repression. Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. During the peace that followed, the other fascist governments in Europe mainly fell under the influence of the Soviet Union. Renouncing all traditional forms of political orientationliberal, conservative, or populistthe totalitarian ideology demands a virtually religious and unconditional personal devotion to a single charismatic leader. Italian dictator Benito Mussolini coined the term totalitario in the early 1920s to characterize the new fascist state of Italy, which he further described as all within the state, none outside the state, none against the state. By the beginning of World War II, totalitarian had become synonymous with absolute and oppressive single-party government. However, Mussolini himself planned to gain power through legitimate means. The Origins of Totalitarianism study guide contains a biography of Hannah Arendt, literature essays, quiz questions, major themes, characters, and a full summary and analysis. In this manner, authoritarianism stands in fundamental contrast to democracy. Katie teaches high school social studies and has a master's degree in history from Providence College. Following the murder of his political opponent Giacomo Matteotti, Mussolini was placed in a difficult position between trying not to alienate his remaining allies in the government and listening to his fascist subordinates, who encouraged him to be more even violent toward the opposition. What event gave Nazis a chance to tale power? No dissent or internal political differences are allowed. With absolute power, Mussolini's government imposed many totalitarian laws throughout the 1920s and 1930s. After the death of President Hindenburg, what did Hitler name himself? Library of Congress/Corbis/VCG via Getty Images, People's Republic of China Under Mao Zedong. An even darker description of living under totalitarianism comes from George Orwells classic dystopian novel 1984, when the main character Winston Smith is told by Thought Police interrogator OBrien, If you want a picture of the future, imagine a boot stamping on a human face for ever.. In pre-World War II Europe, fascists movements tended to promote the belief that non-Europeans were genetically inferior to Europeans. While all power in an authoritarian government is held by a single dictator or group, the people are allowed a limited degree of political freedom. Neither Hitler nor Stalin permitted change to become predictable, thus increasing the sense of terror among the people and repressing any dissent. The government/leader controls all of what the people can do and have. These have, of course, important, delicate, and highly discretionary functions, but none that they may not perform within the limits of the Bill of Rights. But what is the difference between fascism and totalitarianism? Longley, Robert. While Afwerki has dismissed the allegations as politically motivated, Human Rights Watch has condemned Eritreas human rights record as one of the worst in the world. Under a totalitarian regime, all citizens are subject to the absolute authority of the state. Which of these was not part of the Treaty of Versailles? Totalitarian regimes typically violate basic human rights and deny common freedoms in maintaining total control over their citizens. Unlike totalitarian states, authoritarian states lack the power to mobilize the entire population in pursuit of national goals, and any actions undertaken by the state are usually within relatively predictable limits. Early examples of totalitarian states include Germany under Adolf Hitler and Italy under Benito Mussolini. Propaganda is widely used to support the governments totalitarian ideology of Juche, the belief that true socialism can be achieved only through universal loyalty to a strong and independent state. Soldiers join hands to form a Nazi blockade. with young people. While the Peoples Republic of China under Chairman Mao Zedong was considered a totalitarian state, modern-day China is more accurately described as an authoritarian state because its citizens are now allowed some limited personal freedoms. Totalitarianism is a form of rule in which the government attempts to maintain 'total' control over society, including all aspects of the public and private lives of its citizens. Totalitarianism is a political system in which the state holds total authority over the society and seeks to control all aspects of public and private life whenever necessary. The right to create opposing political parties that might compete for power with the ruling group is either limited or prohibited in authoritarian states. Freedom is slavery. Totalitarianism Totalitarianism Birth of the USA American Constitution American Independence War Causes of the American Revolution Democratic Republican Party General Thomas Gage biography Intolerable Acts Loyalists Powers of the President Quebec Act Seven Years' War Stamp Act Tea Party Cold War Battle of Dien Bien Phu Brezhnev Doctrine This essay psychoanalyzes one of the main characters in the novel The Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins. During the Holocaust between 1941 and 1945, Hitlers Einsatzgruppen mobile killing squads along with German armed forces murdered some six million Jews across Germany and German-occupied Europe. As early as 430 BCE, a system of rule resembling totalitarianism was applied in the ancient Grecian state of Sparta. Without the power or necessity to mobilize the entire population in pursuit of national goals authoritarian governments tend to exercise their power within more-or-less predictable limits. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/totalitarianism-definition-and-examples-5083506. Both forms of government discourage individual freedom of thought and action. ThoughtCo. Domestic terrorism conducted in support of the regime against dissidents is celebrated through the wearing of party uniforms and the use of complimentary metaphors for terrorists such as storm troopers, freedom fighters, or labor brigades. To further rally universal support for their ideology, totalitarian regimes strive to convince all individuals that they are civilian soldiers in an endless war, against an often loosely-defined evil enemy. Germany and Italy disputed the Versailles treaty. Eventually, the more volatile followers of the movement won out, and in October 1922, the fascists marched on Rome, though Mussolini did not join them. by . Longley, Robert. The concept of totalitarianism was developed in the 1920s by Italian fascists. Again, the terms totalitarianism and authoritarianism are often used interchangeably. The role of lawmaker became vested in one person. They were not popular Stalin gained control by blackmailing many of the leaders in the communist government and eventually murdered his main rival, Leon Trotsky. Collage of totalitarian leaders (each row - left to right) Joseph Stalin, Adolf Hitler, Mao Zedong, Benito Mussolini, and Kim Il-sung. A country torn apart during the same period by civil war, world wars, famine, revolution, cold war sanctions and life under the rule of a man many declare the epitome of totalitarianism, Joseph Stalin. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like The official ideology of a totalitarian nation is focused on creating and promoting Totalitarianism, Which characteristics of Nazi Germany's government were those of a totalitarian state? The characteristic of totalitarianism is illustrated in Josef Stalin Surrounded by Smiling children forcing children to show support for a government leader. Brush up on your geography and finally learn what countries are in Eastern Europe with our maps. This is done through the use of misinformation, fear, and technology. In 1958, his Great Leap Forward agricultural to industrial conversion economic plan resulted in a famine that caused the deaths of over 40 million people. This novel is about a country that consists of 12 . (2022, December 5). Rather than trying to allay that fear, totalitarian rulers encourage it and use it to ensure the peoples cooperation. In the 21st century, no openly-fascist governments exist, though political parties in many countries do exist with fascist nationalist influences. The first fascist government to take power in history was the government of Italian dictator Benito Mussolini. Omissions? Moseley considered himself a European and took many economic ideas from economist Milton Keynes. True or false: Hitler and Mussolini were effective collaborators. By the 1960s there was a sharp decline in the concept's popularity among scholars. The foundation of fascism is a combination of ultranationalisman extreme devotion to ones nation over all othersalong with a widely held belief among the people that the nation must and will be somehow saved or reborn. Rather than working for concrete solutions to economic, political, and social problems, fascist rulers divert the peoples focus, while winning public support, by elevating the idea of a need for a national rebirth into a virtual religion. Examples of authoritarian regimes, according to some scholars, include the pro-Western military dictatorships that existed in Latin America and elsewhere in the second half of the 20th century. To learn more about totalitarianism, click here: C. forcing children to show support for a government, This site is using cookies under cookie policy . While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. This control enables the regime to produce a constant stream of propaganda designed to gaslight the people and prevent them from realizing the hopelessness of their situation. Copyright 2023, Columbia University Press. What was built in the center of the Aztec cities for religious and political ceremonies? Police operations within a totalitarian state often appear similar to those within a police state, but one important difference distinguishes them. How did the communication between Italy and Germany cause problems for the axis war effort? During the ensuing Great Terror in 1937 and 1938, millions of innocent Soviet citizens were either arrested and executed or sent to labor camps. Most historians consider the first truly totalitarian regimes to have been formed during the chaotic aftermath of World War I when the rapid modernization of weapons and communications enabled totalitarian movements to exert their control. Updates? The main character in this novel is Katniss Everdeen. Totalitarianism, authoritarianism, and fascism are all forms of government characterized by a strong central rule that attempts to control and direct all aspects of individual life through coercion and repression. During the years following the end of World War I, radical political movements swept across Europe following the fall of many of Europe's prominent monarchies and the political and economic instability brought on by the post-war years, even in the victorious countries. Learn how Adolf Hitler established his dictatorship in Germany. Instead, he was the final arbiter in the interpretation of MarxismLeninismStalinism and changed his interpretations at will. In contrast, totalitarian regimes rely mainly on government propaganda machinery to publicize the cause of the nation and spread half-truths or false stories about the failures of other systems and the successes of the regime. Again, because fascism believes that an all-powerful dictator is the best way to strengthen the state and have an effective government, fascist states are by nature totalitarian, though not all totalitarian states are fascist. Therefore, an example of a thesis statement for an essay like this might go something like, "Photos of Hitler depict him as unquestionably authoritarian, while photos of Stalin portray him as inviting yet still in control. While most totalitarian regimes have confined their activities within the geographical boundaries of the nations they controlled, fascist regimes have often harbored imperialistic ambitions. Here are some reasons why: It is run by a dictator or all powerful government. In both, those in authority have a monopoly on the use of the nation's military power and on certain forms of mass communication; and the suppression of dissent, especially during times of crisis, often occurs in democracies as well. In a police state, the police operate according to known and consistent procedures. Notable examples of totalitarian states include Italy under Benito Mussolini (192243), the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin (192453), Nazi Germany under Adolf Hitler (193345), the Peoples Republic of China under the influence of Mao Zedong (194976), and North Korea under the Kim dynasty (1948 ). Mussolini sought to unite and take control of the blackshirts and was largely successful. US Supreme Court Longley, Robert. In totalitarian states, autocrats wield political power, such as dictators and absolute monarchs, who use all-encompassing campaigns of propaganda broadcast by state-controlled mass media to control the citizenry. Except for Spain and Portugal, fascism was effectively gone from Europe with the end of World War II. Dissent is systematically suppressed and people terrorized by a secret police. Through largely passive techniques such as propaganda, authoritarian states work to win the blind, voluntary submission of their citizens. What is the major difference between totalitarianism and fascism. In the early 1920s Italian fascist Benito Mussolini coined the term totalitario to characterize the new fascist state of Italy, ruled under his philosophy of, Everything within the state, nothing outside the state, nothing against the state. A few well-known examples of totalitarian regimes during this period include: Coming to power in 1928, Joseph Stalins secret police force had eliminated all potential opposition within the Communist Party by 1934. The definition of totalitarianism can be understood through its name - it is a form of government that seeks to have total control of society. Most totalitarian regimes are ruled by autocrats or dictators. No countries in the 21st century officially have fascist governments, though political parties influenced by fascism exist in Europe. totalitarianism, form of government that theoretically permits no individual freedom and that seeks to subordinate all aspects of individual life to the authority of the state. Totalitarianism is a form of political organization in which the state controls every aspect of people's lives: from the political views they hold, to the people they can vote for, to even the way they dress, or the art they like. True or False: the term totalitarian may apply to any form of government. In addition, constitutional democracy and totalitarianism, as forms of the modern state, share many characteristics. Both totalitarianism and authoritarianism depend on quashing all forms of individual freedom. https://www.thoughtco.com/totalitarianism-authoritarianism-fascism-4147699 (accessed May 1, 2023). Regardless of the economic or social cost, all resources are devoted to achieving the special goal. A totalitarian state is typically led by a single dictator who holds absolute power. In 1935, Italy was declared a totalitarian state by the Doctrine of Fascism: The Fascist conception of the State is all-embracing; outside of it no human or spiritual values can exist, much less have value. While they differ individually, totalitarian states have several characteristics in common. Stalin ruled as the absolute dictator of the Soviet Union throughout World War II and until his death in March 1953. Quiz, The French Revolution of 1848: History, Causes & Events In addition, the boundaries between various forms of government can be fluid or poorly-defined, often with overlapping characteristics. Learn more about the mythic conflict between the Argives and the Trojans. State relinquishes control of armed forces to military leaders . Definition and Examples, The Differences Between Communism and Socialism, What Is Civil Service? The first Italian fascists were influenced by nationalism that stemmed from frustration over Italy's treatment during the Paris Peace Conference and Italy not receiving the promised territories. The second characteristic of totalitarianism is intolerance because totalitarian regimes do not tolerate negativing or even alternative views, there are only . 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In addition, constitutional democracy and totalitarianism, as forms of the modern state, share many characteristics. ", 14 chapters | We've got you covered with our map collection. Fig. All nations have an official type of government as designated in the U.S. Central Intelligence Agencys World Factbook. Though ardently opposed to true democracy, which ensures the protection of natural rights and civil liberties, fascist regimes have occasionally come to power via democratic means. Nie wieder prokastinieren mit unseren Lernerinnerungen. State is run by a single party. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Some famous examples of totalitarianism are Stalin's Soviet Union, Adolf Hitler's Germany under National Socialism, the Kim Dynasty of North Korea, Benito Mussolini's Italy, and Chairman Mao Zedong's Communist China. Let's contrast these complex definitions before moving on: Totalitarianism: A system of government in which all aspects of society, including culture, religion, economy, and the military, are controlled by the state and the state alone. When they are said to be tyrannies, despotisms, or absolutisms, the basic general nature of such regimes is being denounced, for all these words have a strongly pejorative flavor. This obsession spawns an ideology that explains everything in terms of the goal, rationalizing all obstacles that may arise and all forces that may contend with the state. "Totalitarianism, Authoritarianism, and Fascism." Which Supreme Court case involved a question of national security? The two countries did not communicate their plans for military campaigns, this led to confusion and required damage control. Applying the Fourteenth Amendment is at the discretion of the board. Totalitarianism is often characterized by highly restrictive laws that affect many aspects of the lives of the citizens of the state. The German constitution of the Weimar Republic was never abrogated under Hitler, but an enabling act passed by the Reichstag in 1933 permitted him to amend the constitution at will, in effect nullifying it. Totalitarianism, Totalitarian governments are often controlled by a single political party because Totalitarianism and more. Often riddled with clichd, confusing catchphrases, this propaganda is typified by the poster created by the totalitarian government depicted in George Orwells classic novel 1984: War is peace. This essay will look at just how totalitarian Stalin's Russia was. Totalitarianism is very different from Democracy. Chinese communist Mao Zedong, also known as Chairman Mao, ruled the Peoples Republic of China from 1949 until he died in 1976. General characteristics of totalitarianism, https://www.britannica.com/topic/totalitarianism, The Basics of Philosophy - Totalitarianism, Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy - Totalitarianism, totalitarianism - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). The government controls nearly all aspects of the economy, politics, culture, and society. True or false:Local fascist militias pressured government officials into either inaction or agreement with Mussolini's rise to power. Totalitarianism Characteristics & Facts | What is a Totalitarian? Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests.
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