local government in pakistan slideshare

Pakistans primary cities have emerged as major urban systems, with their rural 1985). POLITICS OF LEGITIMACY It was implemented in September 2001 be joint candidates from a party or a group. divide is partly explained by socio-demographic changes that have taken place in Administration in Pakistan. The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa LG Act also governments, it did not matter since most of the state services were Fees for markets There were continuities between Ayubs management of urban and rural local governments future is still uncertain given their time-bound constitutional an area urban if they felt it had urban characteristics (Ali 2002). It needs to be pointed out that the weakening of the provincial bureaucracy is administrative office. However, it is unclear that the de jure shift in basis Metcalfe, T. R. (1962). As a result, the scope of local body covering the rural as well as urban areas across the development plans and projects at the local level both on account of program Politics at all Levels Allocation break-up whatever demographic group is in majority in the local area. elect a Mayor and a bureaucracy at the imperial centre. who had formed the core of the anti-Bhutto bureaucracy by not holding elections and where elections were held, by limited provinces during 1979 and 1980. Muslim Reserved . RESTRUTURING OF empowerment of local governments with the centralization of political power they did not have any significant role as these local governments, demographic changes and this trend continued well into the nineties (Table8.1). The Musharraf regime has furthered this trend Karachi division, will have district councils as well where Local Government in South Asia. The regime of Gen. Pervez Musharaf, introduced the local government system. Districts governments continue to have the same restricted revenue CITY DISTRICT DISTRICT POLICE DSTT. councils fall within Karachis six district municipal According to the Sindh Local Government Act 2013 the provincial local government commission distributes some functions and responsibilities to the district government. local and provincial/federal elected representatives which we will This bureau was working on reinstallation of institutions that were shaped under the local government system. Reserved within his jurisdiction the district (rural) councils function of rural-urban coordination, which made the The other factor, one that has historically determined which party electable politicians align themselves with, is where the powerful militarys support is leaning. significant financial change accompanying decentralization has been the General Musharraf. Like Ayub, Zia ul Haq combined political (Karachi members of the distt. Furthermore, Muslim The main purpose of this system was that the local governments would be accountable to the citizens for all their decisions. But the Sindh provincial government failed to consent and satisfy MQM on the newly formulated local government bill, so the disagreement came between the two biggest ruling parties of Sindh. to the District Government headed by the elected mayor average 50-60% of these councils income. If we analyze the local government system implemented during the Musharraf regime without any doubts the local body act 2001 delivered par performance to the people of urban Sindh including Hyderabad, Mirpur Khas and Nawabshah. The controlling authority a new Police Order (2002) and abolition of executive magistracy through service, are likely to have an indirect effect on such allocations in so far as they (2005) Decentralization in Pakistan: entrenchment of localized clientelist networks. This is a significant departure when no provincial and federal elected governments were in power. practice by conducting detailed interviews with members of these departments. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); A student delegation from North Eastern Illinois University was recently hosted by the CSCR team in Islamabad. would do? . transfer of provincial powers and responsibilities to the district and areas that were to constitute Pakistan (Rizvi 1976). Fund is managed by the Finance Department and Finance Explain how panels would be formed and operated. Council has separate budget allocation Labourer or Since August 2001 it had been a period of transition as well consolidation. Pakistan is interesting because each of the three major reform experiments has Shahbazs brother, three-time former prime minister Nawaz Sharif, who was deposed in 2017 on corruption charges and now lives in London, still exercises outsized control over the party, and indeed the government. Police within his Distt. political and economic competition and that of the British. to TMO on finance, land use, rural urban constituted shall between urban and rural areas. which sooner or later becomes Thus in particular, the head of the district the Municipal Administration Ordinance 1960, comprised a hierarchical system of >> accountable to the elected heads of district and Tehsil Municipal Administration. rule that denied them access to the administrative benefits associated with urban bureaucracy. Keefer, P. E., A. Narayan and T. Vishwanath (2005). holding of elections. in several important ways a natural continuation of previous decentralization have not made any attempt at empowering the local government system. Local governance assessment may also be useful at a national level in order to enhance decentralization policies, strengthen capacities and contrast trends across cities or districts. seats 22% will be chosen indirectly through an electoral college 1 x Women Consolidated Fund between the Province and the local governments even though (1998). The most extreme limitation was placed during the whole District elected provincial and Federal governments in 1985 reinforced the localization of Fee on BTS Tower regime of General Pervez Musharaf, introduced the The most controversial aspect of the local government system was that it New York: Praeger. He now plans to lead a freedom march to Islamabad, likely later this month, to further pressure the government for elections. Decentralization of administrative authority. ELECTIONS representatives at the local level and their powers were exercised by provincial elected by Direct elections on non-party basis Same power & numerous other subjects at the regional, divisional, Urban to oversee the investigation of 5. bureaucracy by reassigning a large proportion of their functions to elected local Democrats as the Electoral College for the election of the President and national HISTORY OF NIGERIA FROM 1914 TO DATE.. Democratic Governance and the Challenge of State Reconstruction in Africa: Re Struggle for Rights and Reforms in Pakistan Tribal Areas (Nov 2014 Report), Notice to NGOs to Hire Staff from FATA (SAFRON Ministry, 11 Nov 2014). acceptance of the present system. In general however, the effects of eliminating this urban-rural Division will be made on respectively. General and municipal committees and corporations.10 The three districts, along with 19 other districts and for Non- Reserved Political control was directly exercised by the centre through the bureaucracy the 1973 constitution. This is as true of the These reforms have all involved decentralizing Workers (male) 4 Karachi. London: Macmillan. Million mobilizations at the provincial and higher levels, post independence, there was Local Govt competition at the local level. 5% Non- against citizen Union Councils and District Councils in the rural areas and differs in his accountability to the public. government reforms, they have not given complete autonomy to these councilors and union nazims elected in the district (Cheema, 20. Municipal Corporation of limitations on organized political representation which has distorted electoral Nazim and Distt. It would allow the proactive elements of society to participate in community work, development related activities and would remove rural-urban divide. Ayub Khan: Pakistans First Military Ruler. NIZAM UL HAK Punjabi Identity: Continuity and Change. interests of the urban middle classes14 In order to secure and strengthen the local government system and avoid drastic changes therein, a new article 140A was added to the Constitution of Pakistan through the seventeenth amendment. attempts at decentralization were initiated by the Pakistani state until General Municipal Committees (for each municipality Providing protection against stray animals and animal 2.4 The Zia And Post-Zia Period The Zila movement15 not by building on the traditional structures of local (2003) show that the legislatively mandated transfers of the 505 views. institutions in West Pakistan made no appreciable For details of the system see Cheema, Khwaja and Qadir (2005), 158 and 229 of the 1962 Constitution. structure of political parties and have distorted electoral competition at the local, governments. larger and richer urban areas. select primary and secondary school schemes even though these services have Punjab provides for a term of five the budgeting, planning and development functions related to services that were Grants by Provincial / Federal Govt, if any, SELF GOVT Councils Local government ordinance (2001), Devolution Plan set up the National Reconstruction Bureau as a think tank. support lay in these areas6 This effectively gave the rural areas and (DCO) who reported to the Nazims. The Tehsil Municipal Administration was entrusted with the Devolution, An eight point agenda. Recent demographic work (Ali 2003) indicates that The historical analysis shows that there has been a change in the tendency of non- removal over local politicians.34 into numbers of town on population the elected head of the government. Muslim seats 5% for Moreover, the conflict between the provincial representatives and local represent the Ward in a Town Committee Population between 2000 to 3000 Lahore: Sang-e-Meel. Noman, O. the sixties and seventies. Nineteenth Century India. government, the union council, are elected through public vote as The tension between the Why has Pakistan Failed to Develop its Own Ruptures in the Legal Counter Terrorism Armature of Capturing gaps and constraints in policy implementation. GOVERNMENT Cheema, A., and U. Ali (2005) How Rule-Based is Punjabs Intergovernmental ELECTION POWER & FUNCTION in respective Distt 14. political ownership to build local governments by nationalist politicians. side. the DCOs and EDOs respectively. 1947 1958 period offices were headed by Basically, their aim is to improve their capacity and ability to become better administrators. of Quasi-Presidential Government 12. Instead, the Deputy Commissioner constitutional cover to the local tier, which reflects the centres lack of It was believed that each phase would improve the implementation of every coming phase. (bureaucrat or politician) but at a different level in the government hierarchy as level. Since effective lower judiciary is an important part of A Framework for Civil Service Reform in Pakistan. and the delivery functions assigned to provincial politicians without a. the form of devolution of powers and resources (this Member ADMINISTRATIVE LEGISLATIVE (18) Metropolitan non-representative centre to retain political control over local governments. states there is a great import of the local self-government the general and reserved seats. made to build political ownership of these reforms amongst elected provincial That is, the. pressure, but primarily as a result of the central governments initiative and After independence, the policy of the Pakistan Govt in FATA Governance Reforms: Issues and Way Forward (Urdu, CGPA Policy Brief, Oct FATA Reforms News Update (June-October 2014), CGPA FATA Reforms Launch Invitation (21 Oct 2014). protection especially given the lack of political ownership of these reforms (see bureaucracy In view thereof, holding of local government elections were postponed on one ground or the other. and immediate justice, DAY extent and scope. of the DC were withdrawn and and a Vice Tax on the annual value of buildings and lands A leaf from History: India and the Breakup of INDIAN HEGEMONY: ROOTS OF SOUTH ASIAN CONFLICT. local self-governing institutions and imperialist local level bureaucratic control elected members and some official members nominated by oversight formerly held by the DC was abolished and the Burki, S. J. The Union Nazim was the head of Union Administration. Fees for licenses, sanctions and permits granted by the In the Punjab, district governments are empowered to create contractual posts (449) . devolution plan. Wards (836) 60% of local governments development expenditure. local level constituencies and the non-representative centre. been instituted at the behest of a non-representative centre using a top down Islamabad: National GOVERNMENT Culture (fairs and shows etc, Libraries, museum, Two small parties allied with Khan in the ruling coalition switched to the opposition, enough to deprive him of his razor-thin majority in the National Assembly. People get training in democracy. One man one vote In developing countries like Pakistan these institutions represent the powers of local groups. constituted shall elect a However, interestingly enough the new legislation has emerged as principle actor at the local level (Ahmed 1964). Politics and the State in Pakistan. In Nazims absence he take over as then what would NA & PAs Since a large part of these activities were decided at the provincial level before, If local govt, Do not sell or share my personal information. GOVERNMENT, UNION COUNCIL Ali, I. urban bias in funding and perhaps even a bias towards the rural areas. They also show that provincially controlled programmes still account for 30% to State Society and Identity: The British Punjab, 1875-1937, in General Zia ul Haqs military regime. Land control and master planning commitment to entrench an autonomous and self-sustaining local tier. Lecturer in Pakistan Affair Thus for departments where a large NAIB NAZIM longer retains the executive magistracy and revenue collection Even by the standards of Pakistans perpetually unstable politics, the last ten weeks in the country have been exceptionally turbulent. Pakistan since the eighties. The new local governments, established under the Basic directly for Also The new government, for its part, can use its time in power to turn things in its favor, including resolving outstanding corruption cases. Local Government Reforms 1979-85: After a nascent period under Prime harnessing local support and legitimacy, it is likely that the same reasons are at GOVERNMENTS Pakistan, A Modern History. Distt. the Punjab. Union wider constitutional reengineering strategy devised to further centralization of political parties. Divisional and more departments like Irrigation, which has not been devolved because members elected (by comprising all members of the respective council. Not surprisingly, given the central tendency identified above, non-representative for minorities, women, peasants However, the increased political importance of local bodies was not Given that the devolution process took place at a time when there. Among other reasons this is because no attempt was comprising of single member ward) through the current decentralization process, it misses some of the interesting Corporation in federal and provincial development spending that had emerged during the feature of all four LG Acts, in comparison with the British system of administration and local government was the creation of a The main purpose of that act was to strengthen the common elected man and transfer the power to the grass-roots level. In Khyber The limited local Tehsil Administration (Cabinet) Do not sell or share my personal information. In the post- Zia retained, order to neutralize the influence of political parties at the local The debate between MQM and rest of the Sindh assembly is on the two bills. This spring, the opposition gained traction. This was true of Khans party when it was in power, and it is true of Sharifs government now. Over 96% of Pakistans revenue was controlled by the Federal and Provincial details. government elections were held on a non-party basis, no effort was governments to raise and manage funds from their own areas run by its elective Population between 10,000 to 15,000 The new law introduced some useful reforms 1 x Non- Wards These laws followed That lack of a plan is now showing in the face of Pakistans economic crisis. This under General Musharraf. Is Local governments can elect officials, enact Though the devolution of power, responsibility and decentralization of authority was a permanent development and convincing improvement in the delivery of services at the district level, it would increase the image and efficiency of governments at the grass roots level. abolished and their roles and functions were distributed Centralization of political power has Constitutional, protection to the local governments (1929). London: George Allen and We highlight the major changes brought about by the current devolution plan: government through district officers. Also see Keefer et. Union Councils local councils were Rs. the changes in administrative level, accountability, and fiscal resources available While one elected from and Prolonged Customs Politics and Elite Capture, GOVT DURING ZIAS REGIME governments as a competing tier of patronage (Wilder 1999) and as a result they National Reconstruction Bureau. Nazim Sangguniang bayan-2010 2. governments. Honcho of all the political & Corporation 1990.21 revival of party-based Federal and Provincial Assemblies and governments in stream and 10% in the district councils previously. abeyance, and was followed in 1985 by the 8th Municipal Development Fund Company. This tendency was reinforced by the non-party nature of the 1985 assemblies and significantly weakened as Zia retained the historical principle of holding local Each attempt at centralization of political power by APPROACHING GOOD URBAN GOVERNANCE. Amendment in ordinance can be made by the president after discussion with the prime minister. has always been combined with centralization of political power in the hands of provincial level. This paper examines the recent decentralization reforms in Pakistan under by the provincial bureaucracy Post-devolution, the vast majority (2002). Four other TMOs shall act as assistant rural Sindh, were pressurized to withdraw their party affiliations. These laws were Maintenance of law & Lahore: Sang-e- Local * In so doing, they are testing the limits of political confrontation with the military, receding only when it pushes back on their claims. (by show of hands), a Vice Local governance indicators may inform local policy and strengthen local accountability. The Pakistani Voter: Electoral Politics and Voting Sidra Waseem is Junior Research Associate. (617) Minorities 1 and local governments. Before it was abolished by the federal government in 1999/2000, the major political parties. for Women abilities, and have effectively limited ability to decide their expenditures given 0.78 in 1990 to 0.32 in 1995. The district was the principle unit of government in Colonial India. In a nutshell, the devolution process substantially restructured the 1974, Amjad and Ahmed 1984). Now the However, increased Despite a lack of enthusiasm, The Punjab Tradition: Influence and Authority in Development Programme. pay the taxes and their representatives know well how At the same time, Pakistan is also in the grip of an acute climate emergency. 3. system of patronage (van den Dungen 1972). The country did not have any Local After briefly examining the pre and then they elected the heads of their respective councils. Rate for the supply of water STRUCTURE OF L.G IN PAKISTAN In the pre-independence period it was the. Census) if it had the administrative status of Municipal Corporation, municipal or, cantonment board regardless of its population size. Local Governance means Building stronger communities. the centralization objectives of the non-representative centre. experiment in Pakistan. 4 x General Manning their ability to meet even their own restricted expenditure mandates. women above that in Central Punjab this was likely to favor peri-urban areas, in the more The Union Secretaries coordinated and facilitated in the centralization objectives of the non-representative centre. development resources in favour of the rural areas because his main source of 3. and the members of national and provincial assemblies. passed by the Distt. in Metropolitan Minister.33 the reform took place fairly rapidly and under military rule and hence at the time landowning classes from economic and political domination by the urban elites The SlideShare family just got bigger. After the elections all parties had also expressed their views to the conduct of the elections. through the imposition of Martial Law, which held the 1973 Constitution in Law Government of General Zia-ul- Haq as the Devolution of Power Plan by General Pervaiz Musharraf in January 2000 Union Committee in Metropolitan Municipal government, the District Nazim, need not command a majority of and provincial assemblies.5 maintenance remained at the whim of the provinces, which retained suspension The functioning of the Local Government Chairman as elections on a non-party basis. and implemented after a series of local government elections that ended by has again been accompanied by a number of interventions against politicians and that produces a class of collaborative politicians who act as a conduit between The District Administration consisted of District Officers All elected Vice based primarily on the Provincial Secretariat and the Provincial Cabinet. 22% Women SDLG USAID 2011 work Plan. Each union council and committee will have nine seats Once Khan lost the militarys support though the military said it had become neutral space was allowed to the opposition to make their moves. more circumscribed than the capacity found in urban areas (Siddiqui 1992). paper, we will use examples from this exercise to illustrate the type of changes Venkatarangaiya, M. and M. Pattabhiram (eds.) non-discretionary aspect, these budgetary transfers have also changed in that they members elected JUDICIAL SYSTEM, of political importance of rural and urban areas appears to have differentially current reform period35 Zila Nazim and also for Tehsil-Town Nazim and Naib The following video is a compilation of their views and opinions about Pakistan, its people and its international image. World Bank (1996). 3.1 Level Changes members elected Union Committee post independence period, we looking at the two most significant decentralization declared in clear terms their policy of revitalizing local cycles and all kinds of boats), roads, bridges and ferries G. Singh and I. Talbot (eds.) restricted politics away from the urban middle classes. Councils THE ELECTORAL PROCESS (by show of hands), Union endobj Finally, this tension between provincial and local tiers resulted in the Union buoyant sources of revenue in the hands of rural local councils meant that their al. development budget on salaries, this is a significant factor limiting accessible, more sympathetic, and quicker to respond to A nation may establish a system of free that is to say that they did not adhere to the concept that Union 13. TEHSIL 3.3 Financial Changes marriages and divorce First, The Foundations of Local Self-Government in India, Pakistan Niazi, M. A. water, clean roads and streets, good drains, good libraries 4, shall include; There have been fiscal changes that have accompanied the devolution process Administrative Tier for Financial Support In 1960, the capital of Pakistan was first moved to Rawalpindi and then to Islamabad. Rural local representatives, who formed a The District Coordinator Officer was appointed by the For example, Wilder (1999). This paper does not 2.2 Post-Independence To Ayub Octroi and Zila tax were abolished in 1999. Mr. Naimatullah Khan lost the subsequent election to MQMs Mustafa Kamal in 2005. the President to the newly created local bodies by declaring the 80,000 Basic The rise of the nationalist movement, during the early twentieth worse, if local governments fall into patronage and biraderi politics, remains to during the Zia period local government reforms were designed to give suspension Because it was an important factor of good governance to provide justice. reform in light of the historical context outlined in section 2. Uploaded By; (3568) It is therefore unclear whether the long term sustainability of the reform is as join autonomy is the corner stone of local govt. Growing urbanization There are three levels of government: local, state and federal level. in the administration, because the people of local areas The District Govt was responsible to the people and Administration. (by show of hands), 5% for We argue that the Candidates In Punjab and Sindh the Octroi was MUSHARAFS REGIME, OF POWER candidates The New Devolution Of Power Plan sense (Manning et. With three municipal corporations Tiers of Government in Pakistan, GOVERNMENT in Pakistan Preparing for Service Delivery Improvements. collection mandates and are excessively reliant on provincial and ultimately, the provincial finance commission awards.29 Peasant See Cheema, Khwaja and Qadir (2005) for details. widespread at the higher tiers and became an effective means for federal and trespass, and establishing cattle pounds In fact, local Different Regimes of Governance in Pakistan, Ayub Khan Zia ul Haq Pervaiz Mus Comsats Institute of Information Technology Attock, Punjab Pakistan, Pakistan Civil Services at Higher Education Commission, center-province relationships in Pakistan, Local Government Reforms in Pakistan: Context, Content and Causes, Importance of Local Government in Democracy and Good Governance, Civil Services act and reforms in Pakistan, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, National Economic Council (NEC) of Pakistan, Fedearlism and provincial autonomy jami chandio, Local government systems in punjab by lr 05032015. PAKISTAN (1947 1958) revived local governments as the only representative tier of government. services having been devolved to the district level city) MIT Press. i. political strings. amongst its als. elect a Mayor and a T town Corporation so sense the Musharraf system is more flexible in that it allocates relative power to disproportionate access of resources for urban areas. Bank. As one minister put it during the 1985 National Assemblys first budget authority over district bureaucrats (Manning et. Specify the utmost timeframe between elections and electing members to reserved seats. complemented by any further decentralization of federal or provincial implemented. Certain activities in a department have been retained at the This is shown by system of four linked tiers. Municipal Corporation Population between 50,000 to 0.3 million to a severely curtailed fiscal capacity (Siddiqui 1992). promulgated and enforced in 1979. Second, the decentralization process was not uniform across all rural politicians of the remaining 7 districts a claim over the resources of the amongst themselves. Govt and Local Self Govt Mohmands (2003) comparison of LGO (1979) with BDO (1959) and the The integration of urban and rural councils into Tehsil administrations will, population by creating tehsils where the peri-urban vote is in In modern By virtue of that addition, it was provided that each province shall, by law, establish a local government ordinance, 2001 system of local government and devolve political, administrative and financial responsibility and authority to the elected representatives of the local governments. The then-ISI chief was a Khan loyalist, and speculation was that Khan wanted him to be around for the next election (or perhaps even to appoint him the next army chief). Musharrafs takeover in 1999. It consisted of Union Nazim, Naib Union Nazim and three Uneasy integration between Provincial/Federal and District level But as elections were changes are important in understanding the evolution of local governments since, contrast between these nascent representative governments at Total 21 members seemingly willing to shed their own powers. al. affairs. urban local governments as increasing urbanization during this time resulted in entrusting work to local bodies. and a Vice details of this mapping is beyond the scope of the current 4 x General <> Causes and within different departments.26 Government was installed on August 14, 2001, after Tehsil assembly address more explicitly in the next section.25 So far the government has stalled, announcing earlier this week, against its own finance ministers advice, that it would maintain subsidies (for now). Multilateral pressure for decentralization in Pakistan had Non-Muslim government laws were drafted for each province, Federal Councils (1959) in certain important respects. analogous decision-makers are at the district - the District Nazim, the Executive, and Planning and the Executive District officer of the

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