House of Welser in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, vol. [109] They were the "center of the administrative system [and] gave the government of the Indies a strong basis of permanence and continuity. Florida was supposedly named because it was spotted on Easter, or the Festival of Flowers as it was commonly called in Spain. The era of Imperialism is characterized by the "colonization of Americans" from the 15th to 19th centuries, and also the expansion of Japan, Europe, and the United States powers during the end of the 19th century and starting of the 20th century. Gold existed in only small amounts, and the indigenous peoples died off in massive numbers. Spanish colonial missions in North America are significant because so many were established and they had lasting effects on the cultural landscape. [68] To carry out the expedition (entrada), which entailed exploration, conquest, and initial settlement of the territory, the king, as sovereign, and the appointed leader of an expedition (adelantado) agreed to an itemized contract (capitulacin), with the specifics of the conditions of the expedition in a particular territory. If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. [citation needed] The overwhelming cause of the decline in both Mexico and Peru was infectious diseases, such as smallpox and measles,[136] although the brutality of the Encomienda also played a significant part in the population decline. [72] To these political functions of the governor, it could be joined the military ones, according to military requirements, with the rank of Captain general. 1 (2012): 26-40. Hoping to salvage Portugals holdings, King Joo II negotiated a treaty with Spain. The crown created civil and religious structures to administer the vast territory. It is estimated that during the colonial period (14921832), a total of 1.86million Spaniards settled in the Americas, and a further 3.5million immigrated during the post-colonial era (18501950); the estimate is 250,000 in the 16th century and most during the 18th century, as immigration was encouraged by the new Bourbon dynasty.[2]. He was subsequently tried and convicted of cruelty to both natives and colonists and banished from New Mexico for life.[52]. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like An unintended but very real consequence of the Great Awakening was that it reduced colonial impulses toward democracy in civic life, Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about the political dynamic in the colonies, Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about the slave economies of colonial North America and more. "Cook, Sherburne F. 1976b. Caeque, Alejandro "The Political and Institutional History of Colonial Spanish America", Weber, David J. In the following years, Spain extended its rule over the Empire of the Inca civilization. Instituto Bibliogrfico Mexicano 1961, Gibson, Charles. 1, pp. In the fall of 1528, Spanish explorer lvar Nez Cabeza de Vaca landed on present day Follet's Island, Texas. The Jesuits resisted crown control, refusing to pay the tithe on their estates that supported the ecclesiastical hierarchy and came into conflict with bishops. [127], Christian evangelization of non-Christian peoples was a key factor in Spaniards' justification of the conquest of indigenous peoples in what was called "the spiritual conquest". After the 1550s, the crown increasingly favored the diocesan clergy over the religious orders. Often they erected a church on the site of an indigenous temple. [132] The crown expelled the Jesuits from Spain and The Indies in 1767 during the Bourbon Reforms. However, noblemen became defenders of the rights to land and water controlled by their communities. Settled from the south were Buenos Aires (1536, 1580); Asuncin (1537); Potos (1545); La Paz, Bolivia (1548); and Tucumn (1553). But the indigenous allies had much to gain by throwing off Aztec rule. The monarch was head of the civil and religious hierarchies. [82], The conquest of the Aztec and Inca empires ended their sovereignty over their respective territorial expanses, replaced by the Spanish Empire, and indigenous religious beliefs and practices were suppressed and populations converted to Christianity. "[112] As with many colonial institutions, corregimiento had its roots in Castile when the Catholic Monarchs centralize power over municipalities. Spain sought similar wealth, and authorized Columbus's voyage sailing west. Direct link to Batuhan #BringBackBackgrounds's post The monarchy took most of, Posted 2 years ago. The empire was formed by and under the command of Marshal Jean-Bdel Bokassa, military dictator and president of the Central African Republic, on 4 December 1976. Stanford University Press, 2004. The crown was open to limiting the inheritance of encomiendas in perpetuity as a way to extinguish the coalescence of a group of Spaniards impinging on royal power. Lawyers for these cases were funded by a half-real tax, an early example of legal aid for the poor. That expedition was to make world history. With the conquests of the Aztec and Inca empires, large numbers of Spaniards emigrated from the Iberian peninsula to seek their fortune or to pursue better economic conditions for themselves. [6] These formal arrangements between Spain and Portugal and the pope were ignored by other European powers, with the French, the English, and the Dutch seizing territory in the Caribbean and in North America claimed by Spain but not effectively settled. Cook, Noble David. Settlements/Geography The crown enacted Laws of Burgos (1513) and the Requerimiento to curb the power of the Spanish conquerors and give indigenous populations the opportunity to peacefully embrace Spanish authority and Christianity. Borah, Woodrow. Stanford: Stanford University Press 1964. Spanish land in America was divided into small units, and each unit was run by a(n . Practices like forced labor and slavery for resource extraction, and forced resettlement in new villages and later missions were common during the first decades of colonization. Since their appointments were for life or the pleasure of the monarch, they had a continuity of power and authority that viceroys and captains-general lacked because of their shorter-term appointments. Their role in judicial affairs and in overseeing the implementation of royal legislation made their decisions important for the communities they served." Among this first group was Toribio de Benavente, known now as Motolinia, the Nahuatl word for poor.[128][129]. Residences of the officials and elites were closest to the main square. Their colonial governments reflected the model of a two-house Parliament and long-cherished civil liberties. 15001850), Learn how and when to remove this template message, Timeline of imperialism Colonization of North America, Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, "Interacciones entre espaoles de Chilo y Chonos en los siglos XVII y XVIII: Pedro y Francisco Delco, Ignacio y Cristbal Talcapilln y Martn Olleta", "Spain, the United States & the American Frontier: Historias Paralelas", "Where the Landing of the First Africans in English North America Really Fits in the History of Slavery", "The Record of Ponce de Leon's Discovery of Florida, 1513", "The Historiography of Sixteenth-Century La Florida", "Background | the Last Conquistador | POV | PBS", Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture 1996, "Su Majestad quiere gobernar: la Administracin espaola en Indias durante los siglos XVI y XVII", "Las instituciones polticas en la regin de Cuyo", "Genocide and the Hispanic-American Dilemma", "Pope asks forgiveness for errors of the Church", "El gobierno y la imagen de la Monarqua Hispnica en los viajeros de los siglos XVI y XVII. The Spanish network needed a port city so that inland settlements could be connected by sea to Spain. It was translated quickly to English and became the basis for the anti-Spanish writings, collectively known as the Black Legend. Direct link to 21HernandezRa28's post What are some specific ex, Posted 3 years ago. Question 2. Preview this quiz on Quizizz. Stanford: Stanford University Press 1992. Spanish explorers with hopes of conquest in the New World were known as conquistadores. [29], Southward colonization by the Spanish in Chile halted after the conquest of Chilo Archipelago in 1567. Benedict. The Spanish gained an early foothold in the colonies, quickly becoming the most powerful European power in the New World. Spanish possession and rule of its remaining colonies in the Americas ended in that year with its sovereignty transferred to the United States. Spanish expansion into modern-day Mexico that Spanish explorers were able to find wealth on the scale that they had been hoping for. This is most clearly seen in conquest of Mexico with the alliance of the Nahua city-state of Tlaxcala against the Aztec Empire resulting in lasting benefits to themselves and their descendants. Ovando fitted out Magellan's voyage of circumnavigation, and became the first President of the Council of the Indies in 1524. [74], Beginning in 1522 in the newly conquered Mexico, government units in the Spanish empire had a royal treasury controlled by a set of oficiales reales (royal officials). There were few permanent settlements, but Spaniards settled the coastal islands of Cubagua and Margarita to exploit the pearl beds. Vol. There are many such works for Mexico, often drawing on native-language documentation in Nahuatl,[93][94] Mixtec,[95] and Yucatec Maya. Held in the Colegio de San Gregorio, in the Spanish city of Valladolid, it was a moral and theological debate about the colonization of the Americas, its justification for the conversion to Catholicism and more specifically about the relations between the European settlers and the natives of the New World. [157] The story of Doa Marina, also known as Malinche, was the subject of a Mexican TV miniseries in 2018. According to Cook, the indigenous Californian population at first contact, in 1769, was about 310,000 and had dropped to 25,000 by 1910. The first two were in the Alto Per, present-day Bolivia, at Charcas (present day Sucre, 25 May), and La Paz (16 July); and the third in present-day Ecuador at Quito (10 August). Powers, Stephen. There were few Spaniards and huge indigenous populations, so utilizing indigenous intermediaries was a practical solution to the incorporation of the indigenous population into the new regime of rule. [153] A 2010 film, Even the Rain starring Gael Garca Bernal, is set in modern Cochabamba, Bolivia during the Cochabamba Water War, following a film crew shooting a controversial life of Columbus. [37] Exploration from Peru resulted in the foundation of Tucumn in what is now northwest Argentina. In the twentieth century, there have been a number of films depicting the life of Christopher Columbus. Rodrigo de Bastidas was first to establish Spain's claim to the isthmus, sailing along the Darin coast in March 1501, but he made no settlement. "Not a Man of Contradiction: Zumrraga as Protector and Inquisitor of the Indigenous People of Central Mexico." Where getting that wealth required human labor, they enslaved the local people. [citation needed] In Peru, the indigenous Amerindian pre-contact population of around 6.5 million declined to 1 million by the early 17th century. [166], For the independence era, the 2016 Bolivian-made film made about Mestiza independence leader Juana Azurduy de Padilla is part of the recent recognition of her role in the independence of Argentina and Bolivia.[167]. Indigenous elites could use the noble titles don and doa, were exempt from the head-tax, and could entail their landholdings into cacicazgos.
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