tuvalu flooding case study

& Strauss, B. H. (2019). Case Study 1 - Tuvalu - Impacts of Climate Change on DEVELOPING country Location: In the Pacific Ocean, North-East of Australia. of Vanuatu, 2015). Figure 7. It is described as perhaps the most threatened atollnation due to impacts of climate change by Tuvalus former prime minister Enele Sopoaga (The Guardian, Oct 2019). Before, the sand used to stretch out far, and when we swam we could see the sea floor, and the coral. Am. Renew. As previously mentioned, the timing of high tides in relation to the timing of maximum Hb (and CgE) appear to have modulated the timing of impacts at the different islands. Subjects. Polar bears have to swim further. At the very edge of a storm: the impact of a distant cyclone on atoll islands. Comparison of CFSR, CSIRO and ORAS5 sea surface height values with monthly-median low-pass filtered non-tidal (residual) tide gauge observations. The fourth smallest nation in the world, Tuvalu is home to. Many government officials openly express anger at the election of Donald Trump, saying his climate change scepticism has precipitated a huge step back for global cooperation on climate issues, and made Tuvalus small voice on the world stage even smaller. (2019). The BBC and Radio Australia have also offered consistent coverage. Thank you very much couldn't find on bitesize so this is a big help thanks. Hb and TWL events which occurred during or up to 5 days after TCs which occurred within 5 days of empirical AEP events are labeled as such in Figure 6 and these TCs tracks are plotted in Figure 7. 14. When planes arent expected, children ride their bikes and play volleyball on the countrys airstrip, while young courting couples take lazy laps on their motorbikes. Sea-level rise at tropical pacific and Indian ocean islands. Because it fails to understand the implications of this issue for the entire world.. Pearson, S. G., Storlazzi, C. D., van Dongeren, A. R., Tissier, M. F. S., and Reniers, A. J. H. M. (2017). In addition, copra (the dried flesh of a coconut used in making coconut oil) is a major part of Tuvalu's economy. 8521 . the entire population of Tuvalu before in sinks into the ocean, the current Salinisation is reducing crop yields of coconut, banana and breadfruit Farmlands may experience droughts, while deserts could become vast stretches of oases. , OCR A Level Geography Geographical debates H481/03 - 17 Jun 2022 [Exam Chat] , AQA A Level Geography Paper 1 7037/1 - 27 May 2022 [Exam Chat] , Could someone look through my practice LNAT essay please? From what I can see a lot is already gone. Time series of total water level (TWL) and breaking wave height (Hb) centered on a 2-week period of the peak of Hb during the time period of TC Pams passage, is presented in Figure 3. Change 61, 321337. ID 8126. What used to be a sandy beach north of the wharf is now stony foreshore below the hotel where a retaining wall has been built to temporarily stave off the inevitable. may road is flooded on funafuti. We cant let them.. The threshold for this analysis is the 99.5% quantile. Florczyk, A. J., Corbane, C., Ehrlich, D., Freire, S., Kemper, T., Maffenini, L., Melchiorri, M., Politis, P., Schiavina, M., Sabo, F. & Zanchetta, L. (2019). Interannual sea level changes in the tropical pacific associated with ENSO. It also makes sense from a coastal engineering perspective (coastal defenses are typically designed using wave and/or water level exceedance probabilities); and also with respect to traditional island settlement patterns, although inconsistent coastal management and contemporary changes in settlement patterns may cloud this picture somewhat (Duvat, 2013; Kench et al., 2018). CSIRO monthly sea-level reconstruction (Church and White, 2011); and. Test. Scatterplot matrix of Tamana (Kiribati) event-based data identified by declustering extreme sea level events with integrated wave energy flux (CgE) above the 99.5 percentile threshold. This offers an opportunity to timely, easily understood information toward an increased efficiency of post disaster emergency efforts, and also provide a pathway for the development of a simple regional coastal inundation forecasting (or warning) system for locations where heights and datums of local coastal defenses may not be well know, and with computational need tailored to the current local resources. Note Hs, rather breaking wave height (Hb) or total water level (TWL) as these latter quantities follow wave shoaling and breaking across shallow fringing reef, respectively, and the area of Figure 2 (apart from the scattered islands and reefs) contains abyssal ocean depths. It's no good." "The big waves and winds and storms used to come in November and December," he adds. 95% confidence limits are indicated with dotted lines. The people of Tuvalu don't need to read scientific reports or have researchers and government officials explain their predicament to them. The NCEP climate forecast system version 2. In addition, Tuvalu grew in 1979 when the U.S. gave the country four islands that had been U.S. territories and in 2000, it joined the United Nations. doi: 10.1007/s11069-017-2957-5, Wandres, M., Aucan, J., Espejo, A., Jackson, N., De Ramon NYeurt, A., and Damlamian, H. (2020). Kopp, R. E., DeConto, R. M., Bader, D. A., Hay, C. C., Horton, R. M., Kulp, S., Oppenheimer, M., Pollard, D. & Strauss, B. H. (2017). doi: 10.1029/2018JC014828, Barnett, J., and Adger, W. N. (2003). The fish too, the stuff of life here, have become suspect. These results are more varied in Tuvalu: Hb empiricalAEPs generally ranged between 10 and 20 years, in the northern islands, elevated tide and particularly SL increase TWL empirical AEP values above those of Hb. 1. I am from a small country. It is a plan that would cost US$300m (233m), and that so far has no funding. The resulting swell propagated throughout the central Pacific, causing flooding and damage to communities in Tuvalu, Kiribati and Wallis and Futuna, all over 1,000 km from TC Pams track. Between 1850 and 1880, the population of the islands fell from 20,000 to just 3,000. But now there is evidence of climate change. Multiple reports were collated (Table 1) and then a combination of astronomical tidal predictions and numerical wind-wave and sea level hindcasts, spanning from 1979 to the present, were combined using a total water level (TWL) approach (e.g., similar to Dodet et al., 2019), to estimate the climatological conditions and factors contributing to recorded impacts. Also, further research into how to incorporate reef passes and lagoons into such hybrid (statistical-dynamical) approaches is needed. Many thanks to following: Alec Stephenson (CSIRO) who originated pieces of code used in the statistical analysis; Claire Trenham (CSIRO) who assisted in data identification and management; Kathy McInnes and Julian OGrady (CSIRO) who provided comments on early versions of this manuscript; Xuebin Zhang (CSIRO) for recommending use of ORAS5 sea surface heigh; and Tom Durrant (Oceanum) for discussion of performance of WaveWatchIII under tropical cyclone conditions. 10. Journalists have taken the story of Tuvalu's sea-level rise and run with it. A level Geography revision cards #2. The issue of rising sea levels has been a concern for Tuvalu since 1997 when the country began a campaign to show the need to control greenhouse gas emissions, reduce global warming and protect the future of low lying countries. Geosci. Hand-picked stories once a fortnight. Coastal environments are by their nature ever-changing. "A big wave came ashore and covered the land. The variables are the same as in Figure 4. 32 & 28 & 30 & 31 & 31 \\ Islanders are relying on rain water catchment because saltwater intrusion into their aquifers is adversely affecting drinking water. On the sheets you have been given, write and/or draw a brief explanation Words to help you Carbon Dioxide Methane Greenhouse Gases Greenhouse Effect Global Warming Ice Caps. (t)=ln(t25t3)\phi(t)=\ln \left(t^{2} \sqrt{5-t^{3}}\right)(t)=ln(t25t3). which now host half of Tuvalus population. 11. While these sites were both in the Marshall Islands, it is arguable that the Tuvalu and Kiribati sites in this study share similar atoll/narrow fringing reef morphology to the Marshall Islands sites, although morphological effects are discussed in more detail in the following sections. doi: 10.1175/1520-04262002019<0183:EIMOBO<2.0.CO;2, Flanders Marine Institute (2019). Get Revising is one of the trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd. Register Number: 04666380 (England and Wales), VAT No. (2012). States, is it inconsistent for that person to also favor restrictions Ocean acidification is reducing fish stocks Sci. a case study on Tuvalu Shafi Noor Islam; Sandra . Formerly known as the Ellice Islands, the nation achieved independence from Great Britain in 1979. o_lewis15. ORAS5 Ocean ReAnalysis System 5 (ORAS5) monthly sea surface height5. -Travelling on the island becomes a problem as it is If this sounds like a tidal wave of despair, the mood on the ground is far less acute. Initially a non-believer in climate change, like many older people on the island, Setani has slowly become convinced of the science as her daily life becomes tougher with every erratic movement of the sea. During storm surges or the highest tides, the Pacific Ocean bubbles up from the sandy soil under Enna Siones small yellow house. 4. Where TWL or Hb empirical AEP events have occurred during or up to 5 days after the occurrence of a TC in the region (see Figure 6) are highlighted with green circles and labeled with the TC name; the event associated with TC Pam is highlighted with a red circle. However, in this study, a further verification of the hindcasts ability to estimate the extreme waves associated specifically with TC Pam was performed by comparing hindcast Hs to calibrated Hs measured by multiple satellite altimeters, provided via the Ribal and Young (2019) dataset (sourced from Australias Integrated Marine Observing System)3. Geophys. One of the worlds smallest nations. i) reduce the use of coal which accounts for 40% of annual CO2 emissions The population of Tuvalu is around 11,000 people and the economy is mainly based on exporting copra, fishing of tuna and sales of postage stamps. (2010, February). When did it start? The weather has really, extremely changed. Before there is nothing left of their homes and gardens. This short research overview on Tuvalu looked at the following questions and tried to answer them: Tuvalu is one of the smallest countries in the world, after the Vatican, Monaco, and Nauru. not? Edwards, T. (2017) Future of the Sea: Current and Future Impacts of Sea Level Rise in the UK, FORESIGHT, Government Office for Science, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/663885/Future_of_the_sea_-_sea_level_rise.pdf, Humphreys, D. (2019) Climate Change: an introduction to a heated debate, Chapter 1, in Jehlicka, P. and D. Humphreys, D. (Eds) Environmental Policy in an International Context, Milton Keynes, The Open University, Jehlicka, P. and D. Humphreys, D. (Eds) (2019 Glossary, in Environmental Policy in an International Context, Milton Keynes, The Open University, Mason, M.K. ORAS5 monthly values are linearly interpolated to the (hourly) times of the wave hindcast (years 19792019) to represent non-tidal sea levels (SL); throughout the remainder of this article, SL refers to that derived from ORAS5 sea surface height values. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). A local man points out a rusted field gun left over from World War II's Battle of Tarawa, in which U.S. Marines seized the island from the Japanese in 1943. Global sea-level rise is caused by the melting of ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica and the expansion of seawater as it heats up (Humphreys, 2019a). Res. When I lived there I had never heard of such things as hurricanes or king tides. Black and blue dots indicate empirical AEPs for estimated breaking wave height (Hb), wave runup (2) and total water level (TWL), respectively; black and blue lines indicate a maximum likelihood estimate curve using a generalized Pareto tail model for the same variables, respectively. 19, 183204. "There is a change in the sea level," he said. What is the population and economy in Tuvalu? Unlike the case studies of Hoeke et al. < 0.004 m) for the area and time period indicated in Figure 1, the hindcast overestimated the most extreme waves (Hs> 12) near TC Pams eye wall compared to the altimeter data by up to several meters (Supplementary Figure 1). Start studying Global impacts of Climate Change, TUVALU Case Study and Climate Change Management. Registered office: International House, Queens Road, Brighton, BN1 3XE. More likely, however, it is due to the highly simplistic approach taken in estimating wave runup and setup (2), which neglects any details of local reef morphology, as well as (other) natural or man-made coastal defenses or shoreline orientation (although the method is capable of the latter). Porous, salty soil has made the ground almost totally useless for planting, destroying staple pulaka crops and decreasing the yields of various fruits and vegetables. She has previously worked as an Associate Lecturer tutoring on Environment and International Development modules. Front. 127, 8590. Peak wave direction (Dp) for each event is indicated by red arrow on the Hb AEPs, respectively. They are hours away from declaring another drought. 32 & 25 & 27 & 33 & 22 \\ Tuvalu Flooding Case Study: Place an Order. Even if the locals could plant successfully, there is now not enough rain to keep even simple kitchen gardens alive. Seawater, Finiki says, has infiltrated the layer of fresh water that sustained his plants. 27 & 32 & 33 & 32 & 29 \\ Geophys. Over the period 1901-2010 global average sea levels rose 0.19 metres (IPCC, 2013). 31 & 28 & 33 & 31 & 32 \\ Given emissions of greenhouse gases up to 1995, a 5.12 cm rise in sea-level is inevitable. It is in Oceania south of Kiribati and halfway between Australia and Hawaii. TCs which were matched with TWL and/or Hb events above the 99.5th quantile threshold (i.e., those plotted in Figures 4, 5) are plotted in color, indicating along-track maximum sustained winds; other cyclones are plotted in gray. "Last August," Prime Minister Saufatu Sopoanga explains, "on a clear, calm day, a sudden wave surge rolled in from the sea and washed across Funafuti into the lagoon, flooding houses. 3.1 Climatic Parameters. 34 & 33 & 33 & 29 & 26 \\ Get Revising is one of the trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd. Register Number: 04666380 (England and Wales), VAT No. Future reef growth can mitigate physical impacts of sea-level rise on atoll islands. Such discrepancies may of course be attributable to inaccuracies associated with the wave and/or sea level hindcasts. A Polynesian country situated in Oceania, Tuvalu is no more than a speck in the Pacific ocean, midway between Hawaii and Australia. The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predicts that 0.9 meters of . Sea levels have risen by 20 cm since 1901 due to thermal expansion, melting glaciers and ice caps. For example: we predict the flooding impacts of TC Pam will be similar to/less than/greater than (depending on island) TC Kina in 1993 (which did indeed cause similar impacts in many of the southern Tuvalu islands, see Results section). The main airstrip is flooding more regularly impacting the export and supply of goods. Personalise your OpenLearn profile, save your favourite content and get recognition for your learning. including the Maldives, Kiribati and Tuvalu, are already grappling with the effects of sea level rise. . This indicates that all large events (AEP > 10 years) are from the west in Kiribati, but not in Tuvalu. RESTORE - Japan is supporting a coral reef restoration programme to reintroduce species to damaged reefs. Coastal areas are perceived to be at risk of increasingly frequent and severe flooding and erosion impacts associated with sea level rise (SLR). flooding such as implementing ten foot stilts and raise the house to prevent 12. (2020), all of which focused at least primarily on events triggered by distance-source swell waves generated by mid-latitude (temperate) cyclones in the western Pacific (primarily the Federated States of Micronesia, Papua New Guinea, and Solomon Islands), the Maldives, Majuro Atoll (Marshall Islands) and Fiji, respectively, the events in Tuvalu and Kiribati described here are associated with the passage of tropical cyclone (TC) Pam. The findings of this study give impetus to the development, implementation and/or improvement of early warning systems capable of predicting such reef-island flooding. Finished Papers. But I understand other countries do what is best for their people. Tepuka Savilivili, a small island on the rim of Funafuti atoll, was washed over by waves a few years ago and its vegetation destroyed. 32, 585602. The islands of Tuvalu, scattered over 500,000 square miles of ocean between Hawaii and Australia. South Pacific Tropical Cyclone Pam, Fact Sheet #3. Here, we focus on the remote impacts to Tuvalu and Kiribati, which were poorly forecast or otherwise anticipated (Taupo and Noy, 2017). Climate-related illnesses that have increased on par with the changing weather include influenza, fungal diseases, conjunctivitis, and dengue fever, according to the hospitals research. The locations in Table 1 are indicated with black +s. Water contamination. Call for change. Netherhall School GCSE Geography Case Studies. In addition, none of the islands have any streams or rivers and because they are coral atolls, there is no drinkable ground water. How the reef ecosystem would survive such a wall has not been explained. It is associated with the largest Hb and TWL at many of the southern Tuvalu islands in our analysis; severe flooding and destruction of homes were reported on Nanumea, Nanumaga, Niutao, Nui, and Vaitupu6. EssayBot is an essay writing assistant powered by Artificial Intelligence (AI). It then moved along a southerly track between Fiji and New Caledonia, generating wind-waves of up to approximately 15 m, before exiting the region around March 15th. To further aid in interpretation, empirical annual exceedance probability (AEP), also commonly called return periods or return levels, were empirically calculated from the declustered storm event maximum CgE values at both locations. All I want is for the bigger countries to respect us, and think of our lives.. Change 72, 234246. Interactions between mean sea level, tide, surge, waves and flooding: mechanisms and contributions to sea level variations at the coast. To assess the skill of TPXO-based tidal predictions used in this study, they were compared to tidal predictions based on hourly tide gauge observations from Tarawa and Funafuti (years 19882018 and 19792017, respectively) sourced from the University of Hawaii Sea Level Center (4 Caldwell et al., 2015). Fisherpeople have noticed rising sea levels and eroding shorelines as the island atolls shrink, some to half their original size. NCEP Climate Forecast System Reanalysis Reforecast (CFSR) 6-hourly sea surface height (Saha et al., 2013); 2. In addition to the TWL and Hb event AEP levels of indicated in Figure 6, wave direction (Dp) associated with each event is also indicated by an arrow indicating the direction waves are traveling at the time of peak Hb. Tuvalu: Tropical Cyclone Pam Situation Report No. small, cramped housing. Disagreements continue internationally with some big polluters, such as the US, being reluctant to take action to curb their emissions. Distant-source swells cause coastal inundation on Fijis coral coast. In other words, when extreme water levels associated with TC Pam are taken into local historical context (through extreme value analysis), they align better with the reported impacts. 2. Note that (hand drawn) inundation and erosion maps, and notes provided by the Tuvalu Public Works Department to the authors are provided in this articles Supplementary Material section. Beachhead erosion, coastal engineering, environmental mismanagement, overpopulation, deforestation, and deteriorating coral reefs are acting together and in conjunction with global warming to affect sea levels and cause damage to Tuvalu's underground water table. In contrast to (or perhaps complimenting) these other studies, the swell triggering this event was generated not by distant mid-latitude storms, but by a distant tropical cyclone (TC Pam). Kulp, S. A. Tuvalu, Global Warming, and Rising Sea Levels. Warmer ocean temperatures are destroying fragile ecosystems e.g. coral bleaching. Here are some of the changes they have noticed over the last few years. Kench, P. S., Ford, M. R., and Owen, S. D. (2018). 2. Boost this article 16 terms. Sione, her husband and four children are planning to migrate to New Zealand in the next two years to join more than 2,000 of fellow Tuvaluans already resident in the country; a migrant population that doubles every five years. Res. Regional Case Studies. Regardless, there is widespread agreement that overall vulnerability to SLR will be heterogeneous due to differences in reef/island morphology and exposure to extreme sea level drivers (viz sea level variability, storm waves, storm surges, and astronomic tides), and that more detailed event-based case studies are needed to understand the role of background sea level (and SLR) compared to these drivers (Woodroffe, 2008; Beetham and Kench, 2018; Idier et al., 2019). Case Study: Tuvalu What: A case study to explore differing views surrounding the management of climate change at the local, national and international scale When: 2014 Where: It is south of the equator in the Pacific Ocean (midway between Hawaii and Australia). This will be addressed in future studies. Paris Agreement 2015 - legally binding global climate deal to limit global warming to below 2oC Figure 6. Climate induced hazards such as rising sea levels, cyclones, tsunamis, droughts, flooding, king tides and saltwater intrusion have been an ever-increasing menace for the country. The name Tuvalu means "eight islands" and although there are nine islands comprising the country today, only eight were initially inhabited so the ninth is not included in its name. It simply vanished in 1997. plantations, -The world would be alerted to global warming by using the South Pacific Ocean NE of Australia; coral atoll; 10-12000 people; 5 m max elevation. 2. Therefore, the country has no known mineral exports and it is largely unable to produce agricultural exports, making it dependent on imported goods. Tuvalu has one of the world's smallest economies and has recently been featured in the news as it is becoming increasingly threatened by global warming and rising sea levels. If the island nation is not going to be gone by the year 2100, what are the stages they expect to experience, and on what timeline will they happen until 2100? ThoughtCo, Oct. 10, 2021, thoughtco.com/geography-and-history-of-tuvalu-1435673. Match. The housewife and mother of five decamps from her airless concrete home to catch the breeze in a simple wooden shack by the waters edge. Scientists have done a lot of work in recent years in an attempt to make some sense of the numbers and scenarios that have flown out of various studies and joint projects. Maybe one time Tuvalu will disappear. Geophys. One of the smallest islands, called Te Pukasavilivili actually disappeared in 1997. He is raising money to build a new settlement on the Fijian island of Kioa. Figure 3. "This is the best island I know, and I think it's going to end up under the sea. Radio stations around the world have kept a vigil with the people of Tuvalu. doi: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2014.03.042, Storlazzi, C. D. (2018). Efficient inverse modeling of barotropic ocean tides. How is climate change affecting disease and health? 15. doi: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2007.11.001, Zhang, X., and Church, J. Geography Coasts Case Studies. It is a matter of environmental justice (Humphreys 2019). In this study, we use a total water level (TWL) approach to estimate the climatological conditions and factors contributing to recorded impacts at islands in Tuvalu and Kiribati. < 0.002 m, Supplementary Figure 2). What evidence shows that Tuvalu is a low-lying country? Spring tides have steadily gotten higher. Tuvalu. "I think it would be better if my kids were somewhere else," said hospital worker Beia Fetau, 40, preparing to help with Sunday school in shirt, tie and traditional male "sulu," or skirt. Isolation from markets. Tuvalus total land area accounts for less than 26 sq km. Received: 02 March 2020; Accepted: 27 October 2020;Published: 22 January 2021. doi: 10.1038/s41586-018-0194-z, Ribal, A., and Young, I. R. (2019). About a of animals and plants on Earth could become extinct. Correlation coefficients (R) and RMSD calculated against the low-pass filtered tide gauge residuals are shown in Table 2. The weather is changing very quickly, day to day, hour to hour, says Setani, 54, paradoxically soothed and disturbed by the ocean lapping metres away from her hut. 1. What all this will mean for Tuvalu is pretty clear, especially considering that many parts of the nation currently have an elevation less than one meter above sea level. The relative severity of the flooding and erosion impacts amongst the islands and atolls included does not appear to be simply linked to the local values of TWL or breaking wave heights (Hb): e.g., maximum TWLs and Hb heights were significantly smaller (approximately 1.5 m and 30 cm smaller, respectively) in the southern Gilbert Islands (Kiribati) than in Tuvalu (Table 1 and Figure 6), but reported impacts in the affected Gilbert Islands appear to be nearly as bad, perhaps worse in some cases. Coastal erosion is destroying productive farmland I think one day we will disappear., Seascape: the state of our oceans is supported by, Seas rise, hope sinks: Tuvalu's vanishing islands in pictures, Original reporting and incisive analysis, direct from the Guardian every morning, 2023 Guardian News & Media Limited or its affiliated companies. As a result of its decline in population, the British government annexed the islands in 1892. Vicious storms will become more frequent and hot climates could see a drastic rise in their mean temperatures. I feel like this is a part of who I am and I shouldnt just run away from it, even though its disappearing. Lett. The island nation consists of four reef islands and five true atolls; it is located halfway between Hawaii and Australia. This put all the climate change plans by the Tuvaluan government on hold. Since then, people aren't planting so much. Television stations, newswires, numerous other magazines, and newspapers have covered the plight of Tuvalu's people faithfully and exhaustively, calling them the world's first environmental refugees. Sustain. They also have direct implications for more accurate regional flood hazard analyses in the context of a changing climate, which is crucial for informing adaptation policies for the atolls of the central Pacific. - One of the world's smallest nations. Here, the coastal local flood level is added on top of the projected SLR. In addition, more frequent floods could cause more waterborne disease such as dysentery. If youre new to university-level study, read our guide on Where to take your learning next, or find out more about the types of qualifications we offer including entry level Both applications would require further investigation to determine the reliability of existing global or regional wave forecast products to adequately predict TC- or mid-latitude storm generated waves and their subsequent propagation thousands of kilometers away: the wave hindcast used (and verified for TC Pam) in this study is approximately an order of magnitude higher spatial resolution than wave products available from the major numerical weather prediction centers for the region of this study. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aap9741, Taupo, T., and Noy, I. This has led to concern that island nations are especially vulnerable to coastal flooding (Nicholls et al., 2007; Seneviratne et al., 2012), particularly the atoll nations of Kiribati, Tuvalu, Marshall Islands and Maldives (Barnett and Adger, 2003; Nicholls et al., 2011). The roots of coconut trees are rotted by the ocean, as every year sees more trees get swallowed up and replaced by beach. The United Nations Development Programme classifies Tuvalu as a resource poor, least-developed country, that is extremely vulnerable to the effects of climate change. For further information, take a look at our frequently asked questions which may give you the support you need. Tinilau is referring to the cheerful burning of coal by the US and Australia, among others, despite a recent report from the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Changewarning that global warming must be kept to a maximum of 1.5C over the next 12 years to avoid catastrophic climate affects.

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