1 September 2012. [107], The rebels finally managed to decisively defeat the French troops at the Battle of Vertires on 18 November 1803, leading the first-ever group of slaves to successfully create an independent state through a slave revolt. The indemnity bankrupted the Haitian treasury and left the country's government deeply impoverished, causing long-term instability. [52] In September 1791, the surviving whites organized into militias and struck back, killing about 15,000 blacks. It covers the English revolution, the American revolution, the French revolution, the Haitian revolution, the Spanish-American Wars of Independence, The July Revolution (1830 France),the Revolution of 1848, The Paris Commune, the Mexican revolution, and Russian Revolution (both 1905 and 1917). [113], Dessalines and Ption remained allied with France until they switched sides again, in October 1802, and fought against the French. [24] It entered the New York Times best seller list Hardcover Non-Fiction on the eighth place during its first week. [108] By September, Leclerc wrote in his diary that he had only 8,000 fit men left as yellow fever had killed the others. While acknowledging the cross-influences, most contemporary historians[who?] Accessed 26 March 2015. [82] The French commander, the mulatto General Alexandre Ption, proved to be an excellent artilleryman, who used the guns of his fort to sink two of the three ships-of-the-line under Admiral Hyde Parker in the harbour, before turning his guns to the British forces; a French sortie led to a rout of the British, and Forbes retreated back to Port-au-Prince. S2 Ep 2: Les . The portrait of Belley by Anne-Louis Girodet de Roussy-Trioson depicts a man who encompasses the French view of its colonies, creating a stark dichotomy between the refinement of Enlightenment thought and the reality of the situation in Saint-Domingue, through the bust of Raynal and the figure of Belley, respectively. Under the military leadership of Toussaint, the former slaves succeeded in winning concessions from the British and expelled the Spanish forces. 13 September 2013. [2] Duncan and his wife have two children. [94], In the early 21st century, historian Robert L. Scheina estimated that the slave rebellion resulted in the death of 350,000 Haitians and 50,000 European troops. [41] While Og was not fighting against slavery, his treatment was cited by later slave rebels as one of the factors in their decision to rise up in August 1791 and resist treaties with the colonists. All four of Haiti's earlier rulers, Dessalines, Christophe, Petion, and Boyer all had programs that involved swaying African Americans to resettle there and assure their freedom. Blacks outnumbered whites fifteen times over. [147] In the opposing camp, African American historian W. E. B. 03 April 2017 at 10:09 AM. Now: The Russian Revolution Next: ??? Either in the podcast or in myself :P From Mike's content specifically, Haitian Revolution, Mexican Revolution, and Storm before the Storm definitely changed how I think about politics. In the end, Toussaint essentially restored control of Saint-Domingue to France. The unrest in Haiti moved France to send various agents there to try to quell the uprising. In addition, he led an invasion of neighboring Santo Domingo (December 1800), and freed the slaves there on 3 January 1801. A small comment about the name of the colony. The Blockade of Saint-Domingue not only cut the French forces out from reinforcements and supplies from France, but also meant that the British began to supply arms to the Haitians. A major effort by Christophe to take Port-au-Prince in mid1812 failed. Most of the rebel leaders professed to be fighting for the king of France, who they believed had issued a decree freeing the slaves, which had been suppressed by the colonial governor. These valedictory moments assess, with poignant but unsparing clarity, both the rulers who ultimately couldn't save the old order and the revolutionary firebrands . The Western province, however, grew significantly after the colonial capital was moved to Port-au-Prince in 1751, becoming increasingly wealthy in the second half of the 18th century. [105] General Dugua was killed, Leclerc was wounded and the French lost about 800 dead. [105] The next French commander who tried to assault the ditch was General Charles Dugua, joined shortly afterwards by the column commanded by Leclerc. The largest and most encompassing of those civilizations to Duncan was always the Romans. [35] Some slaves were of a creole elite class of urban slaves and domestics, who worked as cooks, personal servants and artisans around the plantation house. Fick, Carolyn. And boy did it get messy. 9/5/2022. Theyre about war and the mechanisms of war. Having made himself master of the island, however, Toussaint did not wish to surrender too much power to France. Barred from using the whip, many instead turned to lianes, which were thick vines abundant throughout the island, to persuade the laborers to keep working. Much of Caribbean economic development in the 18th century was contingent on Europeans' demand for sugar. [64] On 22 September 1793, Mole St. Nicolas, the main French naval base in Saint-Domingue, surrendered to the Royal Navy peacefully. Over seven years and more than 300 episodes of Duncan's gripping and well-researched Revolutions podcast, he has seen off many crowned heads and erstwhile revolutionary leaders. However, Toussaint sent a message to Balcarres, warning him that if he persisted, to remember that Jamaica was not far from St Domingue, and could be invaded. By this point, Perry observed that both sides were "a little mad" as the pressures of the war and yellow fever had taken their toil, and both the French and the Haitians fought with a reckless courage, seeing death in battle as preferable to a slow death by yellow fever or being tortured to death by the enemy. [37] Le Cap Franais (Le Cap), a northern port, had a large population of free people of color, including freed slaves. Louverture overcame a succession of local rivals, including: the Commissioner Sonthonax, a French white man who gained support from many Haitians, angering Louverture; Andr Rigaud, a free man of color who fought to keep control of the South in the War of Knives; and Comte d'Hdouville, who forced a fatal wedge between Rigaud and Louverture before escaping to France. Sugar is a labor-intensive crop, which requires more slaves. Some had identified more with the French colonists than the slaves. It was the only successful slave revolt in modern times. David Geggus, "The British Army and the Slave Revolt". [86] The British forces were reduced to only holding the western peninsular towns of Mole St Nicholas in the north and Jeremie in the south. [159], Despite the idealist, rational and utopian thinking surrounding both uprisings, extreme brutality was a fundamental aspect of both uprisings. The exiles causing the most alarm were the African slaves who came with their refugee owners. Theres a wonderful quote from a French colonist in 1792 that summarizes the French attitude: There can be no agriculture in Saint-Domingue without slavery. A weekly podcast series examining great political revolutions. The remainder of the squadron was forced to fight two more actions on their return to Europe, but did eventually reach the Spanish port of Corunna. [40] He was captured in early 1791, and brutally executed by being "broken on the wheel" before being beheaded. Napoleon reversed the French abolition of slavery in law, constitution, and practice, which had occurred between 1793 and 1801, and reinstated slavery in the French colonies in 18011803which lasted until 1848. [33], Duncan appears as a panel historian on seasons two and three of the Netflix documentary Roman Empire,[34] and was a historical consultant for The Simpsons' episode I, Carumbus. Site includes teaching tools and resources. [83][85], In July 1797, Simcoe and Maitland sailed to London to advise a total withdrawal from Saint-Domingue. 100 plantations were established between 1700 and 1704. [54] The success of the rebellion caused the National Assembly to realize it was facing an ominous situation. [145] The Greeks later received support from President Boyer during their fight against the Ottomans. [14], The colony's white population numbered 40,000; mulattoes and free blacks, 28,000; and black slaves, an estimated 452,000. [115], By the end of April 1804, some 3,000 to 5,000 people had been killed[135] practically eradicating the country's white population. Some gens de couleur owned and operated their own plantations and became slave owners. More than a translation from Spanish is a corruption. Lulu Garcia-Navarro talks with Brooklyn College professor Jean-Eddy Saint Paul about the country's history. Before his arrival, there were only a few killings, despite his orders. It will be safeguarded for you, since it has been only too well earned by your own efforts. [168] One thing is certain: Haiti became an independent country on 1 January 1804, when the council of generals chose Jean-Jacques Dessalines to assume the office of governor-general. The French colony of Saint-Domingue was the single most lucrative colony in the New World. The French historian Paul Fregosi wrote: "Whites, mulattos and blacks loathed each other. [32] Enslaved blacks, regarded as the lowest class of colonial society, outnumbered whites and free people of color by a margin of almost eight to one.[33]. If caught, these runaway slaves would be severely and violently punished. Isabella. [68] The convention deputies agreed and made the dramatic decree that "slavery of the blacks is abolished in all the colonies; consequently, it decrees that all men living in the colonies, without distinction of color, are French citizens and enjoy all the rights guaranteed by the constitution".[68][69]. [153] There is also some historical evidence suggesting that displaying solidarity with the French Revolution was the easiest way for the refugees to earn the support and sympathy of the Americans, who had just recently lived through their own revolution. The U.S. 00:00. Accessed 25 March 2015. But within weeks, the number of slaves who joined the revolt in the north reached 100,000. Copyright 2023 Apple Inc. All rights reserved. [37] Robin Pierson's podcast The History of Byzantium was explicitly modelled after The History of Rome in style, length and quality and was intended by Pierson to act as a sort of sequel to it. Louverture took on this inconsistency directly in his constitution. This seems like an incredibly volatile situation to begin with. In 1758, the planters began passing legislation restricting the rights of other groups of people until a rigid caste system was defined. [125] The affranchi lite, who continued to rule Haiti while the formidable Haitian army kept them in power. In 1791 an uprising began in the French colonial territory of St Domingue. Great start and overview. They were hoping to have those freedoms. For months, they just went across the island burning the plantations and infrastructure. On 24 July another British squadron intercepted the main French squadron from Cap Franais, which was attempting to break past the blockade and reach France. [114] In November, Leclerc died of yellow fever, like much of his army. [68] On 4 February, Dufay gave a speech to the convention arguing that abolishing slavery was the only way to keep the colony in control of the French, and that former slaves would willingly work to restore the colony. So this further inflamed things. As the French retreated, Haiti, which had once been called the "Pearl of the Antilles", the richest French colony in the world, was impoverished, as its economy was in ruins after the revolution. [71] Toussaint proved to be forgiving of the whites, insisting that he was fighting to assert the rights of the slaves as black French people to be free. 19:44. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010. On 8 October 1803, the French abandoned Port-au-Prince as Rochambeau decided to concentrate what was left of his army at Le Cap. [36], Benjamin Wittes directly modelled the introduction to the Lawfare Podcast on The History of Rome. The Haitian Revolution, which took place between 1791-1804, is significant because Haiti is the only country where slave freedom was taken by force, and marks the only successful slave revolt in modern times. I'm psyched for this one. Prominent wealthy American slave owners, reading about the revolution, also read speculation about what might come in their own states. Most historians classify the people of the era into three groups: The first group were white colonists, or les blancs. Nearly two thirds of those slaves were African born. In the north of the country, the French forces were isolated in the two large ports of Cap Franais and Mle-Saint-Nicolas and a few smaller settlements, all supplied by a French naval force based primarily at Cap Franais. The Haitian Revolution was a successful insurrection by self-liberated slaves against French colonial rule in Saint-Domingue, now the sovereign state of Haiti. In the end of 1798, Maitland withdrew the last of his forces from Mole St Nicholas, as Toussaint took command of the fortress. He managed to force the regime to open up," Montas said. In response, Napoleon Bonaparte dispatched a large expeditionary force of French soldiers and warships to the island, led by Bonaparte's brother-in-law Charles Leclerc, to restore French rule. As someone who was born and raised in Haiti and moved back there a couple of years ago (Cap-Haitien), I am so stoked for this series! And the length of Rue Francois Miron to the intersection with Rue de Jouywhich is what the Third Column fought down.]. An average of 600 ships engaged every year in shipping products from Saint-Domingue to Bordeaux, and the value of the colony's crops and goods was almost equal in value to all of the products shipped from the Thirteen Colonies to Great Britain. We look at the life of revolutionary leader Toussaint Louverture, confront the atrocities committed against the people of Haiti and the literal price they were forced to pay for their freedom. [7], Duncan's interest in Roman history grew from a "general interest in ancient civilizations." He lost interest in commanding his army and as James wrote, he "amused himself with sexual pleasures, military balls, banquets and the amassing of a personal fortune".[114]. [176] Yet Sonthonax was one of the few contenders who truly pushed for the independence of the African slaves and became a major factor in Toussaint's decision of declaring independence from France. The Haitian Revolution. Finally, in August 1791, the slaves organized. [73] Rather than attacking the main French bases at Le Cap and Port-de-Paix, Whyte chose to march towards Port-au-Prince, whose harbour was reported to have forty-five ships loaded with sugar. Rochambeau waged a near-genocidal campaign against the Haitians, killing everyone who was black. [90], Between 1793 and 1798, the expedition to Saint-Domingue had cost the British treasury four million pounds and 100,000 men either dead or permanently disabled from the effects of yellow fever. [45] In the south, beginning in September, thirteen thousand slaves and rebels led by Romaine-la-Prophtesse, based in Trou Coffy, took supplies from and burned plantations, freed slaves, and occupied (and burned) the area's two major cities, Logne and Jacmel. [126] He proclaimed that every citizen would belong to one of two categories, laborer or soldier. In the summer of 1803, when war broke out between the United Kingdom and the French Consulate, Saint-Domingue had been almost completely overrun by Haitian forces under the command of Jean-Jacques Dessalines. M. Degros, Cration des postes diplomatiques et consulaires, Revue d'histoire diplomatique, 1986; in French, J-F. Brire, Hati et la France, 18041848: le rve bris, Paris, Karthala 2008; in French, Newman, Simon P. "American Political Culture and the French and Haitian Revolutions: Nathaniel Cutting and the Jeffersonian Republicans.". Thanks, and keep up the good work! An interactive 17-map progression and timeline project tracing power and shifting alliances across geography and time from precolonial kingdoms through the Revolution and up to Haiti's current borders with the Dominican Republic. [149] The neighboring revolution brought the slavery question to the forefront of U.S. politics, and though inspiring to the enslaved themselves[150] the resulting intensification of racial divides and sectional politics ended the idealism of the Revolutionary period. The series' main narrative ended in July 2022. | 4.02- The Web of Tension . Revolutions Per Minute - Radio from the New York City Democratic Socialists of America. Except they say the Zapatistas "surrendered" in the end when, at least according to the podcast, they got 90% of their economic demands satisfied, plus official military positions - not jails or ropes. [105] One of the French columns was commanded by General Donatien de Rochambeau, a proud white supremacist and a supporter of slavery who detested the Haitians for wanting to be free. By this point, his armies had made great strides. France was not going to let this happen. The series covered the English Civil War, the American Revolution, the French Revolution, the Haitian Revolution, Simon Bolivar and Gran Colombia, the July Revolution, the Revolutions of 1848, the Paris Commune, the Mexican Revolution, and finally the Russian Revolution, ending its run of narrative episodes in July 2022. [105] All of the French assaults ended in total failure, and after the failure of their last attack, the Haitians charged the French, cutting down any Frenchmen. Greg Jenner is joined by Professor Marlene Daut and comedian Athena Kugblenu to examine the events and aftermath of the revolution in Haiti, the first nation to abolish slavery. "I sort of stumbled into it, so I was reading a ton of Livy at the time, and a ton of Suetonius, and then I had just gotten into Tacitus. [71], In May 1794, Toussaint suddenly joined the French and turned against the Spanish, ambushing his allies as they emerged from attending mass in a church at San Raphael on 6 May 1794. Du Bois said that the Haitian Revolution was an economic pressure without which the British parliament would not have accepted abolitionism as readily. By 1801, hed actually conquered Santo Domingo, which was the Spanish part of the island and had made serious inroads into the French part of the island. The French constitutions of 1793 and 1795 both included the abolition of slavery.
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